Palin CA, Kailasam R, Hogue CW Jr. Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: pathophysiology and treatment. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2004;8(3):175–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/108925320400800302.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greenberg JW, Lancaster TS, Schuessler RB, Melby SJ. Postoperative atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery: a persistent complication. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2017;52(4):665–72. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezx039.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Bellomo R. Cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury: risk factors, pathophysiology and treatment. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2017;13(11):697–711. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2017.119.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morath B, Meid AD, Rickmann J, et al. Renal safety of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 after cardiac surgery: a retrospective cohort analysis. Drug Saf. 2021;44(12):1311–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-021-01116-5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Atreya AR, Priya A, Pack QR, et al. Use and outcomes associated with perioperative amiodarone in cardiac surgery. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(15): e009892. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.009892.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vassallo P, Trohman RG. Prescribing amiodarone: an evidence-based review of clinical indications. JAMA. 2007;298(11):1312–22. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.11.1312.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roden DM. Pharmacokinetics of amiodarone: implications for drug therapy. Am J Cardiol. 1993;72(16):45F-50F. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(93)90962-c.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roden DM. Mechanisms underlying variability in response to drug therapy: implications for amiodarone use. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84(9A):29R-36R. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9149(99)00699-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deng F, Sjostedt N, Santo M, et al. Novel inhibitors of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, ABCG2) among marketed drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2023;181: 106362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106362.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baldasseroni S, Pratesi A, Orso F, et al. Role of frailty on risk stratification in cardiac surgery and procedures. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1216:99–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33330-0_11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): the task force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(5):373–498. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Raghavan N, Frost CE, Yu Z, et al. Apixaban metabolism and pharmacokinetics after oral administration to humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009;37(1):74–81. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.108.023143.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bristol Myers Squibb. Summary of product characteristics. Apixban 5 mg. July 2024.

Milner E, Ainsworth M, Gleaton M, Bookstaver D. Assessment of anti-Xa activity in patients receiving concomitant apixaban with strong p-glycoprotein inhibitors and statins. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2022;47(5):668–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.13596.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Limcharoen S, Limprasert S, Boonmuang P, et al. Does amiodarone impact on apixaban levels? The effect of amiodarone on apixaban level among Thai patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(1): e0295511. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295511.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ray WA, Chung CP, Stein CM, et al. Risk for bleeding-related hospitalizations during use of amiodarone with apixaban or rivaroxaban in patients with atrial fibrillation: a retrospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2023;176(6):769–78. https://doi.org/10.7326/M22-3238.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chang M, Yu Z, Shenker A, et al. Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of apixaban. J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;56(5):637–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.633.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin SY, Tang SC, Kuo CH, et al. Impact of direct oral anticoagulant concentration on clinical outcomes in Asian patients with atrial fibrillation. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2023;114(1):230–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.2927.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Foerster KI, Huppertz A, Muller OJ, et al. Simultaneous quantification of direct oral anticoagulants currently used in anticoagulation therapy. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2018;148:238–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2017.10.011.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lindbom L, Pihlgren P, Jonsson EN. PsN-toolkit–A collection of computer intensive statistical methods for non-linear mixed effect modeling using NONMEM. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2005;79(3):241–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2005.04.005.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Breithaupt MH, Krohmer E, Taylor L, et al. Time course of CYP3A activity during and after metamizole (dipyrone) in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2023;89(8):2458–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.15720.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Flockhart D. Flockhart Table. Indiana University School of Medicine. https://medicine.iu.edu/internal-medicine/specialties/clinical-pharmacology/drug-interaction-flockhart-table. Accessed 11 Dec 2024.

Holt DW, Tucker GT, Jackson PR, Storey GC. Amiodarone pharmacokinetics. Am Heart J. 1983;106(4 Pt 2):840–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(83)90006-6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bergstrand M, Hooker AC, Wallin JE, Karlsson MO. Prediction-corrected visual predictive checks for diagnosing nonlinear mixed-effects models. AAPS J. 2011;13(2):143–51. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-011-9255-z.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Broeker A, Wicha SG. Assessing parameter uncertainty in small-n pharmacometric analyses: value of the log-likelihood profiling-based sampling importance resampling (LLP-SIR) technique. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn. 2020;47(3):219–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10928-020-09682-4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Frost C, Wang J, Nepal S, et al. Apixaban, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor: single dose safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and food effect in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;75(2):476–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04369.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bhagirath VC, Eikelboom JW, Hirsh J, et al. Apixaban-calibrated anti-FXa activity in relation to outcome events and clinical characteristics in patients with atrial fibrillation: results from the AVERROES trial. TH Open. 2017;1(2):e139–45. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1613679.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Steffel J, Collins R, Antz M, et al. 2021 European Heart Rhythm Association practical guide on the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation. Europace. 2021;23(10):1612–76. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euab065.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rizos T, Meid AD, Huppertz A, et al. Low exposure to direct oral anticoagulants is associated with ischemic stroke and its severity. J Stroke. 2022;24(1):88–97. https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2020.04952.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cirincione B, Kowalski K, Nielsen J, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of apixaban in subjects with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol. 2018;7(11):728–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp4.12347.

Article