Re-thinking the Role of Thoracic Radiotherapy in the First-Line Treatment for Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer

Bernhardt EB, Jalal SI. Small cell lung cancer. Cancer Treat Res. 2016;170:301–22.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Caliman E, Fancelli S, Petroni G, Gatta Michelet MR, Cosso F, Ottanelli C, Mazzoni F, Voltolini L, Pillozzi S, Antonuzzo L. Challenges in the treatment of small cell lung cancer in the era of immunotherapy and molecular classification. Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2023;175:88–100.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Horn L, Mansfield AS, Szczęsna A, Havel L, Krzakowski M, Hochmair MJ, Huemer F, Losonczy G, Johnson ML, Nishio M, et al. First-line atezolizumab plus chemotherapy in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(23):2220–9.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tian Y, Ma J, Jing X, Zhai X, Li Y, Guo Z, Yu J, Zhu H. Radiation therapy for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer in the era of immunotherapy. Cancer Lett. 2022;541:215719.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chauhan AF, Liu SV. Small cell lung cancer: advances in diagnosis and management. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;41(3):435–46.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li H, Zhao Y, Ma T, Shao H, Wang T, Jin S, Liu Z. Radiotherapy for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer in the immunotherapy era. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1132482.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ticiana Leal YW. Afshin Dowlati, DeQuincy Andrew Lewis: Randomized phase II clinical trial of cisplatin/carboplatin and etoposide (CE) alone or in combination with nivolumab as frontline therapy for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC): ECOG-ACRIN EA5161. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38:9000.

Google Scholar 

Ganti AKP, Loo BW, Bassetti M, Blakely C, Chiang A, D’Amico TA, D’Avella C, Dowlati A, Downey RJ, Edelman M, et al. Small cell lung cancer, version 2.2022, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Nat Comprehens Cancer Netw JNCCN. 2021;19(12):1441–64.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Dingemans AC, Früh M, Ardizzoni A, Besse B, Faivre-Finn C, Hendriks LE, Lantuejoul S, Peters S, Reguart N, Rudin CM, et al. Small-cell lung cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up(☆). Annals of oncology: official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology. 2021;32(7):839–53.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cao Z, Deng K, Jiang J, Tian K, Wang B. Combined treatment of small cell lung cancer using radiotherapy and immunotherapy: Challenges and updates. Biomed Pharmacother Biomed Pharmacother. 2025;182:117727.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feng B, Zheng Y, Zhang J, Tang M, Na F. Chemoimmunotherapy combined with consolidative thoracic radiotherapy for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiother Oncol. 2024;190:110014.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu N, Wu D, Gao J, Jiang H, Li Q, Bao S, Luo Y, Zhou Q, Liao C, Yang J. The effect of tumor vascular remodeling and immune microenvironment activation induced by radiotherapy: quantitative evaluation with magnetic resonance/photoacoustic dual-modality imaging. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2023;13(10):6555–70.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou L, Liu Y, Wu Y, Yang X, Spring Kong FM, Lu Y, Xue J. Low-dose radiation therapy mobilizes antitumor immunity: New findings and future perspectives. Int J Cancer. 2024;154(7):1143–57.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaur P, Asea A. Radiation-induced effects and the immune system in cancer. Front Oncol. 2012;2:191.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Drapkin BJ, Rudin CM. Advances in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) translational research. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a038240.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou J, Li Z, Li J, Gao B, Song W. Chemotherapy resistance molecular mechanism in small cell lung cancer. Curr Mol Med. 2019;19(3):157–63.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hayashi R, Inomata M. Small cell lung cancer; recent advances of its biology and therapeutic perspective. Respir Investig. 2022;60(2):197–204.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kalemkerian GP. Small cell lung cancer. Semin Res Critic Care Med. 2016;37(5):783–96.

Google Scholar 

Herzog BH, Devarakonda S, Govindan R. Overcoming chemotherapy resistance in SCLC. J Thor Oncol Off Public Int Assoc Study Lung Cancer. 2021;16(12):2002–15.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Slotman BJ, van Tinteren H, Praag JO, Knegjens JL, El Sharouni SY, Hatton M, Keijser A, Faivre-Finn C, Senan S. Use of thoracic radiotherapy for extensive stage small-cell lung cancer: a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England). 2015;385(9962):36–42.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee JH, Saxena A, Giaccone G. Advancements in small cell lung cancer. Semin Cancer Biol. 2023;93:123–8.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gore EM, Hu C, Sun AY, Grimm DF, Ramalingam SS, Dunlap NE, Higgins KA, Werner-Wasik M, Allen AM, Iyengar P, et al. Randomized phase II study comparing prophylactic cranial irradiation alone to prophylactic cranial irradiation and consolidative extracranial irradiation for extensive-disease small cell lung cancer (ED SCLC): NRG oncology RTOG 0937. J Thor Oncol Off Public Int Assoc Study Lung Cancer. 2017;12(10):1561–70.

Google Scholar 

Hasan S, Renz P, Turrisi A, Colonias A, Finley G, Wegner RE. Dose escalation and associated predictors of survival with consolidative thoracic radiotherapy in extensive stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC): A National Cancer Database (NCDB) propensity-matched analysis. Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2018;124:283–90.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang WZ, Shulman A, Amann JM, Carbone DP, Tsichlis PN. Small cell lung cancer: Subtypes and therapeutic implications. Semin Cancer Biol. 2022;86(Pt 2):543–54.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Higgins KA, Slotman BJ. What is the role of consolidative thoracic radiotherapy in the era of chemo-immunotherapy for extensive stage small cell lung cancer? J Thorac Dis. 2020;12(10):6308–10.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bonanno L, Attili I, Pavan A, Sepulcri M, Pasello G, Rea F, Guarneri V, Conte P. Treatment strategies for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer in elderly patients: Translating scientific evidence into clinical practice. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2021;163:103378.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang S, Zhang Z, Wang Q. Emerging therapies for small cell lung cancer. J Hematol Oncol. 2019;12(1):47.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liang J, Guan X, Bao G, Yao Y, Zhong X. Molecular subtyping of small cell lung cancer. Semin Cancer Biol. 2022;86(Pt 2):450–62.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Megyesfalvi Z, Gay CM, Popper H, Pirker R, Ostoros G, Heeke S, Lang C, Hoetzenecker K, Schwendenwein A, Boettiger K, et al. Clinical insights into small cell lung cancer: tumor heterogeneity, diagnosis, therapy, and future directions. CA Cancer J Clin. 2023;73(6):620–52.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu SV, Reck M, Mansfield AS, Mok T, Scherpereel A, Reinmuth N, Garassino MC, De Castro CJ, Califano R, Nishio M, et al. Updated overall survival and PD-L1 subgroup analysis of patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer treated with atezolizumab, carboplatin, and etoposide (IMpower133). J Clin Oncol Off Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2021;39(6):619–30.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Paz-Ares L, Dvorkin M, Chen Y, Reinmuth N, Hotta K, Trukhin D, Statsenko G, Hochmair MJ, Özgüroğlu M, Ji JH, et al. Durvalumab plus platinum-etoposide versus platinum-etoposide in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CASPIAN): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet (London, England). 2019;394(10212):1929–39.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Juergens RA, Finley C, Swaminath A. Current and future treatment options in the management of stage III NSCLC. J Thorac Oncol. 2023;18(11):1478–91.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tjong MC, Mak DY, Shahi J, Li GJ, Chen H, Louie AV. Current management and progress in radiotherapy for small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol. 2020;10:1146.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ahn MJ, Cho BC, Felip E, Korantzis I, Ohashi K, Majem M, Juan-Vidal O, Handzhiev S, Izumi H, Lee JS, et al. Tarlatamab for patients with previously treated small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(22):2063–75.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mountzios G, Sun L, Cho BC, Demirci U, Baka S, Gümüş M, Lugini A, Zhu B, Yu Y, Korantzis I, et al. Tarlatamab in small-cell lung cancer after platinum-based chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(4):349–61.

Google Scholar 

Su PL, Chakravarthy K, Furuya N, Brownstein J, Yu J, Long M, Carbone D, Li Z, He K. DLL3-guided therapies in small-cell lung cancer: from antibody-drug conjugate to precision immunotherapy and radioimmunotherapy. Mol Cancer. 2024;23(1):97.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gomez-Randulfe I, Silva Díaz S, Escriu C, Mohammed S, Shah R, Benitez Fuentes JD, Cox S, Monaca F, Bria E, García-Campelo MR, et al. Efficacy of carboplatin-etoposide rechallenge after first-line chemo-immunotherapy in ES-SCLC: an international multicentric analysis. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2024;16:17588359241272956.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Meijer JJ, Leonetti A, Airò G, Tiseo M, Rolfo C, Giovannetti E, Vahabi M. Small cell lung cancer: Novel treatments beyond immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol. 2022;86(Pt 2):376–85.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen X, Amar N, Zhu Y, Wang C, Xia C, Yang X, Wu D, Feng M. Combined DLL3-targeted bispecific antibody with PD-1 inhibition is efficient to suppress small cell lung cancer growth. J Immunother Cancer. 2020.

Comments (0)

No login
gif