Hwangbo S, Lee JY, Han G, Chun MY, Jang H, Seo SW, Na DL, Won S, Kim HJ, Lim DH (2023) Dementia incidence and population-attributable fraction for dementia risk factors in Republic of Korea: a 12-year longitudinal follow-up study of a national cohort. Front Aging Neurosci 15:1126587

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kwon MJ, Kim J-H, Kim JH, Cho SJ, Nam ES, Choi HG (2021) The occurrence of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease in individuals with osteoporosis: A longitudinal follow-up study using a national health screening database in Korea. Front Aging Neurosci 13:786337

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Son HJ, Park S-J, Kim J-K, Park J-S (2023) Mortality risk after the first occurrence of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures in the general population: A nationwide cohort study. PLoS ONE 18:e0291561

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mughal N, Inderjeeth AJ, Inderjeeth CA (2019) Osteoporosis in patients with dementia is associated with high morbidity and mortality:‘Findings from a single orthogeriatric unit.’ Aust J Gen Pract 48:53–58

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahn SH, Park S-M, Park SY, Yoo J-I, Jung H-S, Nho J-H, Kim SH, Lee Y-K, Ha Y-C, Jang S (2020) Osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture fact sheet in Korea. J Bone Metab 27:281–290

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vun JS, Ahmadi M, Panteli M, Pountos I, Giannoudis PV (2017) Dementia and fragility fractures: issues and solutions. Injury 48:S10–S16

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Amouzougan A, Lafaie L, Marotte H, Dẻnariẻ D, Collet P, Pallot-Prades B, Thomas T (2017) High prevalence of dementia in women with osteoporosis. Joint Bone Spine 84:611–614

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mizutani M, Eguchi Y, Toyoguchi T, Orita S, Inage K, Shiga Y, Maki S, Nakamura J, Hagiwara S, Aoki Y (2024) Association between Osteoporosis and Skeletal Muscle Mass in Men. Asian Spine J 18:73–78

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chang K-H, Chung C-J, Lin C-L, Sung F-C, Wu T-N, Kao C-H (2014) Increased risk of dementia in patients with osteoporosis: a population-based retrospective cohort analysis. Age 36:967–975

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kostev K, Hadji P, Jacob L (2018) Impact of osteoporosis on the risk of dementia in almost 60,000 patients followed in general practices in Germany. J Alzheimers Dis 65:401–407

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiang YL, Wang ZX, Liu XX, Wan MD, Liu YW, Jiao B, Liao XX, Luo ZW, Wang YY, Hong CG (2022) The protective effects of osteocyte-derived extracellular vesicles against Alzheimer’s disease diminished with aging. Adv Sci 9:2105316

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang X, Hsu WW, Sing C-W, Li GH, Tan KC, Kung AW, Wong JS, Wong IC-K, Cheung C-L (2022) Low bone mineral density with risk of dementia: a prospective cohort study. J Am Med Dir Assoc 23:1719

Zhao Y, Chen H, Qiu F, He J, Chen J (2023) Cognitive impairment and risks of osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 106:104879

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Downey CL, Young A, Burton EF, Graham SM, Macfarlane RJ, Tsapakis E-M, Tsiridis E (2017) Dementia and osteoporosis in a geriatric population: Is there a common link? World J Orthop 8:412–423

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang HS, Karnik SJ, Margetts TJ, Plotkin LI, Movila A, Fehrenbacher JC, Kacena MA, Oblak AL (2024) Mind Gaps and Bone Snaps: Exploring the Connection Between Alzheimer’s Disease and Osteoporosis. Curr Osteoporos Rep 1–12

Lary CW, Rosen CJ, Kiel DP (2021) Osteoporosis and dementia: establishing a link. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, USA, pp 2103–2105

Google Scholar 

Peters R, Poulter R, Warner J, Beckett N, Burch L, Bulpitt C (2008) Smoking, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly, a systematic review. BMC Geriatr 8:1–7

Google Scholar 

Xiao T, Ghatan S, Mooldijk SS, Trajanoska K, Oei L, Gomez MM, Ikram MK, Rivadeneira F, Ikram MA (2023) Association of bone mineral density and dementia: the Rotterdam study. Neurol 100:e2125–e2133

CAS  Google Scholar 

Kim SY, Lee JK, Lim J-S, Park B, Choi HG (2020) Increased risk of dementia after distal radius, hip, and spine fractures. Med 99:e19048

Article  Google Scholar 

Jeong S-M, Shin DW, Han K, Jung JH, Chun S, Jung H-W, Son KY (2019) Timed up-and-go test is a useful predictor of fracture incidence. Bone 127:474–481

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rizkallah M, Bachour F, Khoury ME, Sebaaly A, Finianos B, Hage RE, Maalouf G (2020) Comparison of morbidity and mortality of hip and vertebral fragility fractures: which one has the highest burden? Osteoporos Sarcopenia 6(3):146–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afos.2020.07.002

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jang H-D, Kim E-H, Lee JC, Choi S-W, Kim HS, Cha J-S, Shin B-J (2022) Management of osteoporotic vertebral fracture: review update 2022. Asian Spine Journal 16:934–946

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Funayama T, Tatsumura M, Fujii K, Shibao Y, Okuwaki S, Sakashita K, Sunami T, Inomata K, Gamada H, Miura K (2024) Exploring factors affecting activities of daily living in patients with osteoporotic vertebral fractures managed conservatively: a post-hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study. Asian Spine Journal 18:570–578

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tsai C-H, Chuang C-S, Hung C-H, Lin C-L, Sung F-C, Tang C-H, Hsu H-C, Chung C-J (2014) Fracture as an independent risk factor of dementia: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Medicine 93:e188

Friedman SM, Menzies IB, Bukata SV, Mendelson DA, Kates SL (2010) Dementia and hip fractures: development of a pathogenic framework for understanding and studying risk. Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil 1:52–62

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Morrison RS, Siu AL (2000) Survival in end-stage dementia following acute illness. JAMA 284:47–52

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xie C, Wang C, Luo H (2023) Increased risk of osteoporosis in patients with cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr 23:1–10

Article  Google Scholar 

Bliuc D, Tran T, Adachi JD, Atkins GJ, Berger C, van den Bergh J, Cappai R, Eisman JA, van Geel T, Geusens P (2021) Cognitive decline is associated with an accelerated rate of bone loss and increased fracture risk in women: a prospective study from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res 36:2106–2115

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu X, Chen C, Jiang Y, Wan M, Jiao B, Liao X, Rao S, Hong C, Yang Q, Zhu Y (2023) Brain-derived extracellular vesicles promote bone-fat imbalance in Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Biol Sci 19:2409–2427

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cui S, Xiong F, Hong Y, Jung JU, Li XS, Liu JZ, Yan R, Mei L, Feng X, Xiong WC (2011) APPswe/Aβ regulation of osteoclast activation and RAGE expression in an age-dependent manner. J Bone Miner Res 26:1084–1098

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li S, Yang B, Teguh D, Zhou L, Xu J, Rong L (2016) Amyloid β peptide enhances RANKL-induced osteoclast activation through NF-κB, ERK, and calcium oscillation signaling. Int J Mol Sci 17:1683

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alty J, Farrow M, Lawler K (2020) Exercise and dementia prevention. Pract Neurol 20:234–240

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Papadopoulou SK, Papadimitriou K, Voulgaridou G, Georgaki E, Tsotidou E, Zantidou O, Papandreou D (2021) Exercise and nutrition impact on osteoporosis and sarcopenia—the incidence of osteosarcopenia: a narrative review. Nutr 13:4499

CAS  Google Scholar 

Toots A, Wiklund R, Littbrand H, Nordin E, Nordström P, Lundin-Olsson L, Gustafson Y, Rosendahl E (2019) The effects of exercise on falls in older people with dementia living in nursing homes: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc 20(835–842):e831

Google Scholar 

Pill R, French J, Harding K, Stott N (1988) Invitation to attend a health check in a general practice setting: comparison of attenders and non-attenders. J R Coll Gen Pract 38:53–56

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar