Babiak W, Krzemińska I (2021) Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) as microalgal bioproducts: A review of factors affecting EPS synthesis and application in flocculation processes. Energies 14:4007. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14134007

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Balducci E, Papi F, Capialbi DE et al (2023) Polysaccharides’ structures and functions in biofilm architecture of Antimicrobial-Resistant (AMR) pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 24(4):4030. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24044030

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Banerjee A, Rudra SG, Mazumder K et al (2018) Structural and functional properties of exopolysaccharide excreted by a novel Bacillus anthracis (Strain PFAB2) of hot spring origin. Indian J Microbiol 58:39–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-017-0699-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Banerjee A, Gupta P, Nigam V et al (2019) Bacterial exopolysaccharides from extreme marine habitat of Southern Ocean: production and partial characterization. Gayana 83(2):126–134. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-65382019000200126

Article  Google Scholar 

Banerjee A, Das D, Rudra SG et al (2020) Characterization of exopolysaccharide produced by Pseudomonas Sp. PFAB4 for synthesis of EPS-Coated AgNPs with antimicrobial properties. J Polym Environ 28:242–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01602-z

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Banerjee A, Mohammed Breig SJ, Gómez A et al (2022) Optimization and characterization of a novel exopolysaccharide from Bacillus Haynesii CamB6 for food applications. Biomolecules 12(6):834. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12060834

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72(1):248–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Breitenbach R, Gerrits R, Dementyeva P et al (2022) The role of extracellular polymeric substances of fungal biofilms in mineral attachment and weathering. Npj Mater Degrad 6:42. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-022-00253-1

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Caeiro A, Canhoto J, Rocha PRF (2025) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as a micropropagation monitoring tool for plants: A case study of Tamarillo Solanum betaceum callus. iScience 28(2):111807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2025.111807

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Caruso C, Rizzo C, Mangano S et al (2018) Production and biotechnological potential of extracellular polymeric substances from Sponge-Associated Antarctic Bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 84(4):e01624–e01617. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01624-17

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Castagnini D, Palma K, Jara-Wilde J et al (2024) Proteus mirabilis biofilm expansion microscopy yields over 4-fold magnification for super-resolution of biofilm structure and subcellular DNA organization. J Microbiol Methods 220:106927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2024.106927

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen W, Westerhoff P, Leenheer JA et al (2003) Fluorescence Excitation– Emission matrix regional integration to quantify spectra for dissolved organic matter. Environ Sci Technol 37(24):5701–5710. https://doi.org/10.1021/es034354c

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen F, Tillberg PW, Boyden ES (2015) Expansion microscopy. Science 347(6221):543–548. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260088

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen Z, Xie Y, Qiu S et al (2022) Granular Indigenous microalgal-bacterial consortium for wastewater treatment: establishment strategy, functional microorganism, nutrient removal, and influencing factor. Bioresour Technol 353:127130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127130

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen Z, Xie Y, Qiu S et al (2024) Enriched functional exoproteins and increased exopolysaccharides with altered molecular conformation mutually promoted Indigenous microalgal-bacterial consortium biofilm growth under high light intensity. Chem Eng J 480:148056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.148056

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ciempiel W, Czemierska M, Wiącek D et al (2025) Lead biosorption and chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances isolated from mixotrophic microalgal cultures. Sci Rep 15(1):9093. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-94372-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cotta FC, Amaral R, Bacellar FL et al (2025) A 3D porous electrode for real-time monitoring of microalgal growth and exopolysaccharides yields using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 277:117260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2025.117260

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Danilatos GD (1993) Introduction to the ESEM instrument. Microsc Res Tech 25:354–361. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070250503

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Melo Teixeira L, da Silva Santos É, dos Santos RS et al (2024) Production of exopolysaccharide from Klebsiella oxytoca: rheological, emulsifying, biotechnological properties, and bioremediation applications. Int J Biol Macromol 278:134400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134400

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Demir-Yilmaz I, Novosel N, Levak Zorinc M et al (2023) Investigation of the role of cell hydrophobicity and EPS production in the aggregation of the marine diatom Cylindrotheca closterium under hypo-saline conditions. Mar Environ Res 188:106020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106020

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dong X, Zhao Z, Yang X et al (2021) Response and recovery of mature algal-bacterial aerobic granular sludge to sudden salinity disturbance in influent wastewater: granule characteristics and nutrients removal/accumulation. Bioresour Technol 321:124492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124492

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Du T, Meng R, Qian L et al (2024) Formation of extracellular polymeric substances Corona on TiO2 nanoparticles: roles of crystalline phase and exposed facets. Water Res 249:120990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120990

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Felz S, Vermeulen P, van Loosdrecht MCM et al (2019) Chemical characterization methods for the analysis of structural extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Water Res 157:201–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.03.068

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feng B, Chen J, Wang C et al (2025) Removal of Ofloxacin and Inhibition of antibiotic resistance gene spread during the aerobic biofilm treatment of rural domestic sewage through the micro–nano aeration technology. J Hazard Mater 486:1307020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.137020

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gargouch N, Elleuch F, Karkouch I et al (2021) Potential of exopolysaccharide from Porphyridium marinum to contend with bacterial proliferation, biofilm formation, and breast Cancer. Mar Drugs 19(2):66. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19020066

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Giordani B, Naldi M, Croatti V et al (2023) Exopolysaccharides from vaginal lactobacilli modulate microbial biofilms. Microb Cell Fact 22:45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-023-02053-x

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gongi W, Cordeiro N, Pinchetti JLG et al (2022) Functional, rheological, and antioxidant properties of extracellular polymeric substances produced by a thermophilic Cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya Sp. J Appl Phycol 34:1423–1434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-022-02695-1

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

González-Hourcade M, del Campo EM, Braga MR et al (2020) Disentangling the role of extracellular polysaccharides in desiccation tolerance in lichen-forming microalgae. First evidence of sulfated polysaccharides and ancient sulfotransferase genes. Environ Microbiol 22(8):3096–3111. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.15043

Article  CAS