Alvarado, A. G., Thiagarajan, P. S., Mulkearns-Hubert, E. E., Silver, D. J., Hale, J. S., Alban, T. J., … Lathia, J. D. (2017). Glioblastoma cancer stem cells evade innate immune suppression of self-renewal through reduced TLR4 expression. Cell Stem Cell, 20(4), 450–461.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2016.12.001

Garnier, D., Renoult, O., Alves-Guerra, M.-C., Paris, F., & Pecqueur, C. (2019). Glioblastoma stem-like cells, metabolic strategy to kill a challenging target. Frontiers in Oncology, 9, 118. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2019.00118

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Esparza, R., Azad, T. D., Feroze, A. H., Mitra, S. S., & Cheshier, S. H. (2015). Glioblastoma stem cells and stem cell-targeting immunotherapies. Journal of Neuro-Oncology, 123(3), 449–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-015-1729-x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Geller, M. A., & Miller, J. S. (2011). Use of allogeneic NK cells for cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy, 3(12), 1445–1459. https://doi.org/10.2217/imt.11.131

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program Explorer Application. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://seer.cancer.gov/statistics-network/explorer/application.html?site=661&data_type=5&graph_type=12&compareBy=sex&chk_sex_1=1&chk_sex_3=3&chk_sex_2=2&series=9&race=1&age_range=15&prev_duration=1&advopt_precision=1&hdn_view=1

Lam, S., Lin, Y., Zinn, P., Su, J., & Pan, I.-W. (2018). Patient and treatment factors associated with survival among pediatric glioblastoma patients: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results study. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 47, 285–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2017.10.041

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Da, W., Xueli, C., Xiao, P., & Yian, X. (2020). Prognostic factors and survival prediction of pediatric glioblastomas: A population-based study. Turkish Neurosurgeryhttps://doi.org/10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.31915-20.2

Hardell, L., Carlberg, M., & Mild, K. H. (2006). Case-control study of the association between the use of cellular and cordless telephones and malignant brain tumors diagnosed during 2000–2003. Environmental Research, 100(2), 232–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2005.04.006

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

INTERPHONE Study Group. (2010). Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: Results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 39(3), 675–694. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyq079

Article  Google Scholar 

Lahkola, A., Auvinen, A., Raitanen, J., Schoemaker, M. J., Christensen, H. C., Feychting, M., … Salminen, T. (2007). Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in 5 North European countries. International Journal of Cancer, 120(8), 1769–1775. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.22503

World Health Organisation. (2011, May 31). IARC classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Retrieved July 5, 2023, from https://www.iarc.who.int/pressrelease/iarc-classifies-radiofrequency-electromagnetic-fields-as-possibly-carcinogenic-to-humans/

Deltour, I., Poulsen, A. H., Johansen, C., Feychting, M., Johannesen, T. B., Auvinen, A., & Schüz, J. (2022). Time trends in mobile phone use and glioma incidence among males in the Nordic Countries, 1979–2016. Environment International, 168, 107487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107487

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baker, S. J., Ellison, D. W., & Gutmann, D. H. (2016). Pediatric gliomas as neurodevelopmental disorders. Glia, 64(6), 879–895. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.22945

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sturm, D., Witt, H., Hovestadt, V., Khuong-Quang, D.-A., Jones, D. T. W., Konermann, C., … Pfister, S. M. (2012). Hotspot mutations in H3F3A and IDH1 define distinct epigenetic and biological subgroups of glioblastoma. Cancer Cell, 22(4), 425–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2012.08.024

Janke, R., Iavarone, A. T., & Rine, J. (2017). Oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate enhances gene silencing through inhibition of specific H3K36 histone demethylases. eLife, 6. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22451

Zong, H., Parada, L. F., & Baker, S. J. (2015). Cell of origin for malignant gliomas and its implication in therapeutic development. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 7(5), a020610. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a020610

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jones, C., & Baker, S. J. (2014). Unique genetic and epigenetic mechanisms driving paediatric diffuse high-grade glioma. Nature Reviews. Cancer, 14(10). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3811

Ostrom, Q. T., Cioffi, G., Waite, K., Kruchko, C., & Barnholtz-Sloan, J. S. (2021). CBTRUS statistical report: Primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2014–2018. Neuro-Oncology, 23(12 Suppl 2), iii1–iii105. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab200

Rowitch, D. H., & Kriegstein, A. R. (2010). Developmental genetics of vertebrate glial-cell specification. Nature, 468(7321), 214–222. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09611

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takebayashi, H., & Ikenaka, K. (2015). Oligodendrocyte generation during mouse development. Glia, 63(8), 1350–1356. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.22863

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yacob, M. S., & Johnston, D. L. (2016). Glioblastoma multiforme: A pediatric case series. Journal of Case Reports and Images in Oncology, 2, 18–22. https://doi.org/10.5348/Z10-2016-14-CS-5

Article  Google Scholar 

Wilne, S., Collier, J., Kennedy, C., Koller, K., Grundy, R., & Walker, D. (2007). Presentation of childhood CNS tumours: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Oncology, 8(8), 685–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70207-3

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Das, K. K., Mehrotra, A., Nair, A. P., Kumar, S., Srivastava, A. K., Sahu, R. N., & Kumar, R. (2012). Pediatric glioblastoma: Clinico-radiological profile and factors affecting the outcome. Child’s Nervous System, 28(12), 2055–2062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-012-1890-x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McKinnon, C., Nandhabalan, M., Murray, S. A., & Plaha, P. (2021). Glioblastoma: Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. BMJ, 374, n1560. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1560

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ozawa, M., Brennan, P. M., Zienius, K., Kurian, K. M., Hollingworth, W., Weller, D., … Ben-Shlomo, Y. (2019). The usefulness of symptoms alone or combined for general practitioners in considering the diagnosis of a brain tumour: A case-control study using the clinical practice research database (CPRD) (2000–2014). BMJ Open, 9(8), e029686. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029686

Ideguchi, M., Kajiwara, K., Goto, H., Sugimoto, K., Nomura, S., Ikeda, E., & Suzuki, M. (2015). MRI findings and pathological features in early-stage glioblastoma. Journal of Neuro-Oncology, 123(2), 289–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-015-1797-y

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Verburg, N., Hoefnagels, F. W. A., Barkhof, F., Boellaard, R., Goldman, S., Guo, J., … De Witt Hamer, P. C. (2017). Diagnostic accuracy of neuroimaging to delineate diffuse gliomas within the brain: A meta-analysis. AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology, 38(10), 1884–1891. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5368

Wen, P. Y., Macdonald, D. R., Reardon, D. A., Cloughesy, T. F., Sorensen, A. G., Galanis, E., … Chang, S. M. (2010). Updated response assessment criteria for high-grade gliomas: Response assessment in neuro-oncology working group. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 28(11), 1963–1972. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.26.3541

van den Bent, M. J., Wefel, J. S., Schiff, D., Taphoorn, M. J. B., Jaeckle, K., Junck, L., … Jacobs, A. H. (2011). Response assessment in neuro-oncology (a report of the RANO group): Assessment of outcome in trials of diffuse low-grade gliomas. The Lancet. Oncology, 12(6), 583–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70057-2

Cohen, K. J., Heideman, R. L., Zhou, T., Holmes, E. J., Lavey, R. S., Bouffet, E., & Pollack, I. F. (2011). Temozolomide in the treatment of children with newly diagnosed diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas: A report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Neuro-Oncology, 13(4), 410–416. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noq205

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cohen, K. J., Pollack, I. F., Zhou, T., Buxton, A., Holmes, E. J., Burger, P. C., … Heideman, R. L. (2011). Temozolomide in the treatment of high-grade gliomas in children: A report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Neuro-Oncology, 13(3), 317–323. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noq191

Warren, K. E. (2012). Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: Poised for progress. Frontiers in Oncology, 2, 205. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2012.00205

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tallman, M. M., Zalenski, A. A., & Venere, M. (2021). Cancer stem cells in pediatric brain tumors. In W. Debinski (Ed.), Gliomas. Brisbane (AU): Exon Publications. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK570697/

Rich, J. N., & Bao, S. (2007). Chemotherapy and cancer stem cells. Cell Stem Cell, 1(4), 353–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2007.09.011

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Visvader, J. E., & Lindeman, G. J. (2008). Cancer stem cells in solid tumours: Accumulating evidence and unresolved questions. Nature Reviews Cancer, 8(10), 755–768. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2499

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taylor, M. D., Poppleton, H., Fuller, C., Su, X., Liu, Y., Jensen, P., … Gilbertson, R. J. (2005). Radial glia cells are candidate stem cells of ependymoma. Cancer Cell, 8(4), 323–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2005.09.001

Milde, T., Kleber, S., Korshunov, A., Witt, H., Hielscher, T., Koch, P., … Witt, O. (2011). A novel human high-risk ependymoma stem cell model reveals the differentiation-inducing potential of the histone deacetylase inhibitor Vorinostat. Acta Neuropathologica, 122(5), 637–650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-011-0866-3

Huang, G.-H., Xu, Q.-F., Cui, Y.-H., Li, N., Bian, X.-W., & Lv, S.-Q. (2016). Medulloblastoma stem cells: Promising targets in medulloblastoma therapy. Cancer Science, 107(5), 583–589. https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.12925

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sun, Y., Xu, C., Pan, C., Chen, X., Geng, Y., Wu, Y., … Zhang, L. (2019). Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas exhibit cell biological and molecular signatures of fetal hindbrain-derived neural progenitor cells. Neuroscience Bulletin, 35(2), 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-018-00329-6

Filbin, M. G., Tirosh, I., Hovestadt, V., Shaw, M. L., Escalante, L. E., Mathewson, N. D., … Suvà, M. L. (2018). Developmental and oncogenic programs in H3K27M gliomas dissected by single-cell RNA-seq. Science, 360(6386), 331–335. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao4750

Friedman, G. K., Raborn, J., Kelly, V. M., Cassady, K. A., Markert, J. M., & Gillespie, G. Y. (2013). Pediatric glioma stem cells: Biologic strategies for oncolytic HSV virotherapy. Frontiers in Oncology, 3, 28. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2013.00028

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abou-Antoun, T. J., Hale, J. S., Lathia, J. D., & Dombrowski, S. M. (2017). Brain cancer stem cells in adults and children: Cell biology and therapeutic implications. Neurotherapeutics, 14(2), 372–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-017-0524-0

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central