Thompson FE, Subar AF Chapter 1 - Dietary Assessment Methodology. In: Coulston AM, Boushey CJ, Ferruzzi MG, editors. Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease (Third Edition): Academic Press; 2013. p. 5-46.

Shim JS, Oh K, Kim HC. Dietary assessment methods in epidemiologic studies. Epidemiol Health. 2014;36:e2014009.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang L, Chan V, Allman-Farinelli M, Davies A, Wellard-Cole L, Rangan A. Wearable cameras reveal large intra-individual variability in timing of eating among young adults. Nutrients. 2022;14:4349.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gill S, Panda S. A smartphone app reveals erratic diurnal eating patterns in humans that can be modulated for health benefits. Cell Metab. 2015;22:789–98.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shiffman S, Stone AA, Hufford MR. Ecological momentary assessment. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2008;4:1–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liao Y, Skelton K, Dunton G, Bruening M. A systematic review of methods and procedures used in ecological momentary assessments of diet and physical activity research in youth: an adapted STROBE checklist for reporting EMA studies (CREMAS). J Med Internet Res. 2016;18:e151.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Degroote L, DeSmet A, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Van Dyck D, Crombez G. Content validity and methodological considerations in ecological momentary assessment studies on physical activity and sedentary behaviour: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17:35.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lucassen DA, Brouwer-Brolsma EM, Boshuizen HC, Mars M, de Vogel-Van den Bosch J, Feskens EJM. Validation of the smartphone-based dietary assessment tool “Traqq” for assessing actual dietary intake by repeated 2-h recalls in adults: comparison with 24-h recalls and urinary biomarkers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023;117:1278–87.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cnudde K, De Vylder F, Cardon G, Maes I, Van Dyck D. Within- and between-person associations of time-varying determinants with snacking in older adults: an ecological momentary assessment study. Br J Nutr. 2024;132:236–47.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stone AA, Shiffman S, Atienza AA, Nebeling L. The science of real-time data capture: self-reports in health research: Oxford University Press; 2007 31 Oct 2023.

Maugeri A, Barchitta M. A systematic review of ecological momentary assessment of diet: implications and perspectives for nutritional epidemiology. Nutrients. 2019;11:2696.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lucassen DA, Brouwer-Brolsma EM, Slotegraaf AI, Kok E, Feskens EJM. DIetary assessment (DIASS) study: design of an evaluation study to assess validity, usability and perceived burden of an innovative dietary assessment methodology. Nutrients. 2022;14:1156.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bruening M, van Woerden I, Todd M, Brennhofer S, Laska MN, Dunton G. A Mobile Ecological Momentary Assessment Tool (devilSPARC) for Nutrition and Physical Activity Behaviors in College Students: A Validation Study. J Med Internet Res. 2016;18:e209.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chmurzynska A, Mlodzik-Czyzewska MA, Malinowska AM, Czarnocinska J, Wiebe D.Use of a smartphone application can improve assessment of high-fat food consumption in overweight individuals. Nutrients. 2018;10:1692.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Harnack L, Mitchell D, Hartman T, Mitchell N, Johnson A, Bailey R Extent to which foods are consumed repeatedly over time and implications for development of an ecological momentary assessment (EMA)-based diet assessment app. International Conference on Diet and Activity Methods; April 27-30, 2025; Toronto, Canada 2025.

Murakami K, Shinozaki N, McCaffrey TA, Livingstone MBE, Masayasu S, Sasaki S. Relative validity of the chrono-nutrition behavior questionnaire (CNBQ) against 11-day event-based ecological momentary assessment diaries of eating. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2025;22:46.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Richard A, Meule A, Reichenberger J, Blechert J. Food cravings in everyday life: An EMA study on snack-related thoughts, cravings, and consumption. Appetite. 2017;113:215–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Braden A, Kalantzis M, Dauber A, Meschino KJ, Barnhart WR, Jordan AK, et al. Measurement of emotional eating with the emotional eating scale, a laboratory paradigm, and ecological momentary assessment. Eat Behav. 2025;58:102011.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Palfrey J, Gasser U Born Digital: Understanding the First Generation of Digital Natives: Basic Books, Inc.; 2008.

Bucher Della Torre S, Carrard I, Farina E, Danuser B, Kruseman M. Development and evaluation of e-CA, an electronic mobile-based food record. Nutrients. 2017;9:76.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Battaglia B, Lee L, Jia SS, Partridge SR, Allman-Farinelli M. The use of mobile-based ecological momentary assessment (mEMA) methodology to assess dietary intake, food consumption behaviours and context in young people: a systematic review. Healthcare. 2022;10:1329.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Osadchiy T, Poliakov I, Olivier P, Rowland M, Foster E. Progressive 24-Hour Recall: Usability Study of Short Retention Intervals in Web-Based Dietary Assessment Surveys. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22:e13266.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baxter SD, Hitchcock DB, Guinn CH, Vaadi KK, Puryear MP, Royer JA, et al. A validation study concerning the effects of interview content, retention interval, and grade on children’s recall accuracy for dietary intake and/or physical activity. J Acad Nutr Dietetics. 2014;114:1902–14.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wen CKF, Schneider S, Stone AA, Spruijt-Metz D. Compliance with mobile ecological momentary assessment protocols in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19:e132.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Julious SA. Sample size of 12 per group rule of thumb for a pilot study. Pharm Stat. 2005;4:287–91.

Article  Google Scholar 

Billingham SA, Whitehead AL, Julious SA. An audit of sample sizes for pilot and feasibility trials being undertaken in the United Kingdom registered in the United Kingdom Clinical Research Network database. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2013;13:104.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, Elliott V, Fernandez M, O’Neal L, et al. The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inf. 2019;95:103208.

Article  Google Scholar 

Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)—A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inf. 2009;42:377–81.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sealed Envelope. Create a Randomisation List [Available from: https://sealedenvelope.com/simple-randomiser/v1/lists.

Stone AA, Schneider S, Smyth JM. Evaluation of pressing issues in ecological momentary assessment. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2023;19:107–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Louis T ExpiWell. https://www.expiwell.com/; 2023.

Cleghorn CL, Harrison RA, Ransley JK, Wilkinson S, Thomas J, Cade JE. Can a dietary quality score derived from a short-form FFQ assess dietary quality in UK adult population surveys?. Public Health Nutr. 2016;19:2915–23.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Howes E, Boushey CJ, Kerr DA, Tomayko EJ, Cluskey M. Image-based dietary assessment ability of dietetics students and interns. Nutrients. 2017;9:114.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fatehah AA, Poh BK, Shanita SN, Wong JE. Feasibility of reviewing digital food images for dietary assessment among nutrition professionals. Nutrients. 2018;10:984.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williams MT, Lewthwaite H, Fraysse F, Gajewska A, Ignatavicius J, Ferrar K. Compliance with mobile ecological momentary assessment of self-reported health-related behaviors and psychological constructs in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23:e17023.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Spook JE, Paulussen T, Kok G, Van Empelen P. Monitoring dietary intake and physical activity electronically: feasibility, usability, and ecological validity of a mobile-based ecological momentary assessment tool. J Med Internet Res. 2013;15:e214.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Serafica R, Lukkahatai N, Morris BT, Webber K. The use of social media and mEMA technology in comparing compliance rate among users. Asian Pac Isl Nurs J. 2018;3:168–76.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central