Dechambre SD, Duprez T, Grandin CB et al (2000) High signal in cerebrospinal fluid mimicking subarachnoid haemorrhage on FLAIR following acute stroke and intravenous contrast medium. Neuroradiology 42:608–611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002340000347

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mamourian AC, Hoopes PJ, Lewis LD (2000) Visualization of Intravenously Administered Contrast Material in the CSF on Fluid-AttenuatedInversion-Recovery MR Images: An In Vitro and Animal-Model Investigation

De Coene B, Hajnal JV, Gatehouse P et al (1992) MR of the brain using fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) pulse sequences. Am J Neuroradiol 13:1555–1564

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ahn SJ, Taoka T, Moon W, Naganawa S (2022) Contrast-Enhanced Fluid‐Attenuated inversion recovery in neuroimaging: A narrative review on clinical applications and technical advances. J Magn Reson Imaging 56:341–353

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Latour LL, Kang D-W, Ezzeddine MA et al (2004) Early blood-brain barrier disruption in human focal brain ischemia. Ann Neurol 56:468–477. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.20199

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hamel J, Fiebach JB, Villringer K (2012) Ocular hyperintense acute reperfusion marker. Neurology 79:1622–1623. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826e2662

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hitomi E, Simpkins AN, Luby M et al (2018) Blood-ocular barrier disruption in patients with acute stroke. Neurology 90:e915–e923. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000005123

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Deike-Hofmann K, Reuter J, Haase R et al (2019) Glymphatic pathway of gadolinium-based contrast agents through the brain: overlooked and misinterpreted. Invest Radiol 54:229–237

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Freeze WM, van der Thiel M, de Bresser J et al (2020) CSF enhancement on post-contrast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images; a systematic review. NeuroImage: Clin 28:102456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102456

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee KM, Kim JH, Kim E et al (2016) Early stage of hyperintense acute reperfusion marker on Contrast-Enhanced FLAIR images in patients with acute stroke. Am J Roentgenol 206:1272–1275. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.15.14857

Article  Google Scholar 

O’Connell GC, Treadway MB, Petrone AB et al (2017) Peripheral blood AKAP7 expression as an early marker for lymphocyte-mediated post-stroke blood brain barrier disruption. Sci Rep 7:1172. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01178-5

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ostwaldt A-C, Rozanski M, Schmidt WU et al (2014) Early time course of FLAIR signal intensity differs between acute ischemic stroke patients with and without hyperintense acute reperfusion marker. Cerebrovasc Dis 37:141–146. https://doi.org/10.1159/000357422

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ostwaldt A-C, Rozanski M, Schaefer T et al (2015) Hyperintense acute reperfusion marker is associated with higher contrast agent dosage in acute ischaemic stroke. Eur Radiol 25:3161–3166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-015-3749-5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rozanski M, Ebinger M, Schmidt WU et al (2010) Hyperintense acute reperfusion marker on FLAIR is not associated with early haemorrhagic transformation in the elderly. Eur Radiol 20:2990–2996. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-010-1881-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hjort N, Wu O, Ashkanian M et al (2008) MRI detection of early Blood-Brain barrier disruption: parenchymal enhancement predicts focal hemorrhagic transformation after thrombolysis. Stroke 39:1025–1028. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.497719

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dekkers OM, Vandenbroucke JP, Cevallos M et al (2019) COSMOS-E: guidance on conducting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies of etiology. PLoS Med 16:e1002742. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002742

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM et al (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71. BMJ n71

Campbell M, McKenzie JE, Sowden A et al (2020) Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: reporting guideline. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l6890. BMJ l6890

Altman DG, Bland JM (2011) How to obtain the confidence interval from a P value. BMJ 343

Wells GA, Shea B, O’Connell D et al (2000) The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses

Ma L-L, Wang Y-Y, Yang Z-H et al (2020) Methodological quality (risk of bias) assessment tools for primary and secondary medical studies: what are they and which is better? Military Med Res 7:7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00238-8

Article  Google Scholar 

McKenzie JE, Brennan SE (2019) Synthesizing and presenting findings using other methods. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J et al (eds) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions, 1st edn. Wiley, pp 321–347

Förster A, Wenz H, Böhme J et al (2016) Hyperintense acute reperfusion marker on FLAIR in posterior circulation infarction. PLoS ONE 11:e0157738. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157738

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Förster A, Wenz H, Böhme J et al (2018) Asymmetrical gadolinium leakage in ocular structures in stroke due to internal carotid artery stenosis or occlusion. Clin Neuroradiol 30:221–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00062-018-0754-5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Förster A, Al-Zghloul M, Wenz H et al (2019) Gadolinium leakage in ocular structures is common in lacunar infarction. Stroke 50:193–195. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.023573

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Förster A, Wenz H, Böhme J, Groden C (2019) Gadolinium leakage in ocular structures: a novel MRI finding in transient global amnesia. J Neurol Sci 404:63–65

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Förster A, Ramos A, Wenz H et al (2022) GLOS and HARM in patients with transient neurovascular symptoms with and without ischemic infarction. J Neuroradiol 49:244–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurad.2021.03.007

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Choi HY, Lee KM, Kim H-G et al (2017) Role of hyperintense acute reperfusion marker for classifying the stroke etiology. Front Neurol 8:630. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00630

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nadareishvili Z, Luby M, Leigh R et al (2018) An MRI hyperintense acute reperfusion marker is related to elevated peripheral monocyte count in acute ischemic stroke: monocytes and Blood-Brain barrier in stroke. J Neuroimaging 28:57–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/jon.12462

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kidwell CS, Latour L, Saver JL et al (2008) Thrombolytic toxicity: blood brain barrier disruption in human ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 25:338–343. https://doi.org/10.1159/000118379

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kidwell CS, Burgess R, Menon R et al (2011) Hyperacute injury marker (HARM) in primary hemorrhage: A distinct form of CNS barrier disruption. Neurology 77:1725–1728. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e318236ef46

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wouters A, Scheldeman L, Dupont P et al (2021) Hyperintense acute reperfusion marker associated with hemorrhagic transformation in the WAKE-UP trial. Eur Stroke J 6:128–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/23969873211007686

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim Y, Luby M, Burkett N-S et al (2021) Fluid-Attenuated inversion recovery hyperintense ischemic stroke predicts less favorable 90-Day outcome after intravenous thrombolysis. Cerebrovasc Dis 50:738–745. https://doi.org/10.1159/000517241

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gupta R, Sun C-HJ, Rochestie D et al (2017) Presence of the hyperintense acute reperfusion marker on MRI after mechanical thrombectomy for large vessel occlusion is associated with worse early neurological recovery. J NeuroIntervent Surg 9:641–643. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2016-012498

Article  Google Scholar 

Luby M, Hsia AW, Nadareishvili Z et al (2019) Frequency of Blood-Brain barrier disruption Post-Endovascular therapy and multiple thrombectomy passes in acute ischemic stroke patients. Stroke 50:2241–2244. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.025914

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar