van Dijck J, Bartels R, Lavrijsen JCM, Ribbers GM, Kompanje EJO, Peul WC. All focus group P: the patient with severe traumatic brain injury: clinical decision-making: the first 60 min and beyond. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2019;25:622–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fu TS, Jing R, Fu WW, Cusimano MD. Epidemiological trends of traumatic brain injury identified in the emergency department in a Publicly-Insured population, 2002–2010. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0145469.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dewan MC, Rattani A, Gupta S, Baticulon RE, Hung YC, Punchak M, Agrawal A, Adeleye AO, Shrime MG, Rubiano AM et al. Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2018:1–18.

Corrigan JD, Hammond FM. Traumatic brain injury as a chronic health condition. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94:1199–201.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barker S, Paul BD, Pieper AA. Increased risk of Aging-Related neurodegenerative disease after traumatic brain injury. Biomedicines 2023, 11. (4):1154

Mavroudis I, Kazis D, Chowdhury R, Petridis F, Costa V, Balmus IM, Ciobica A, Luca AC, Radu I, Dobrin RP, Baloyannis S. Post-Concussion syndrome and chronic traumatic encephalopathy: narrative review on the neuropathology, neuroimaging and fluid biomarkers. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022, 12. (3):740

Shively S, Scher AI, Perl DP, Diaz-Arrastia R. Dementia resulting from traumatic brain injury: what is the pathology? Arch Neurol. 2012;69:1245–51.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chestnut RM, Carney N, Maynard H, Patterson P, Mann NC, Helfand M. Rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ) 1998: (2):1–6.

Flavin WP, Hosseini H, Ruberti JW, Kavehpour HP, Giza CC, Prins ML. Traumatic brain injury and the pathways to cerebral Tau accumulation. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1239653.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McKee AC, Daneshvar DH. The neuropathology of traumatic brain injury. Handb Clin Neurol. 2015;127:45–66.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD. Long-Term consequences of traumatic brain injury: current status of potential mechanisms of injury and neurological outcomes. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32:1834–48.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gaetz M. The neurophysiology of brain injury. Clin Neurophysiol. 2004;115:4–18.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ziebell JM, Morganti-Kossmann MC. Involvement of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Neurotherapeutics. 2010;7:22–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alam A, Thelin EP, Tajsic T, Khan DZ, Khellaf A, Patani R, Helmy A. Cellular infiltration in traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation. 2020;17:328.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bodnar CN, Watson JB, Higgins EK, Quan N, Bachstetter AD. Inflammatory regulation of CNS barriers after traumatic brain injury: A Tale directed by Interleukin-1. Front Immunol. 2021;12:688254.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hu X, Li P, Guo Y, Wang H, Leak RK, Chen S, Gao Y, Chen J. Microglia/macrophage polarization dynamics reveal novel mechanism of injury expansion after focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 2012;43:3063–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Acosta SA, Tajiri N, Shinozuka K, Ishikawa H, Grimmig B, Diamond DM, Sanberg PR, Bickford PC, Kaneko Y, Borlongan CV. Long-term upregulation of inflammation and suppression of cell proliferation in the brain of adult rats exposed to traumatic brain injury using the controlled cortical impact model. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e53376.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Loane DJ, Kumar A, Stoica BA, Cabatbat R, Faden AI. Progressive neurodegeneration after experimental brain trauma: association with chronic microglial activation. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2014;73:14–29.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Escamilla-Ocanas CE, Albores-Ibarra N. Current status and outlook for the management of intracranial hypertension after traumatic brain injury: decompressive craniectomy, therapeutic hypothermia, and barbiturates. Neurologia (Engl Ed) 2020. 38: 357-363

Bielanin JP, Metwally SAH, Paruchuri SS, Sun D. An overview of mild traumatic brain injuries and emerging therapeutic targets. Neurochem Int. 2024;172:105655.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maas AIR, Menon DK, Manley GT, Abrams M, Akerlund C, Andelic N, Aries M, Bashford T, Bell MJ, Bodien YG, et al. Traumatic brain injury: progress and challenges in prevention, clinical care, and research. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21:1004–60.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dietrich WD, Alonso O, Busto R, Globus MY, Ginsberg MD. Post-traumatic brain hypothermia reduces histopathological damage following concussive brain injury in the rat. Acta Neuropathol. 1994;87:250–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dietrich WD, Bramlett HM. Therapeutic hypothermia and targeted temperature management for traumatic brain injury: experimental and clinical experience. Brain Circ. 2017;3:186–98.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dietrich WD. The importance of brain temperature in cerebral injury. J Neurotrauma. 1992;9(Suppl 2):S475–485.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bramlett HM, Green EJ, Dietrich WD, Busto R, Globus MY, Ginsberg MD. Posttraumatic brain hypothermia provides protection from sensorimotor and cognitive behavioral deficits. J Neurotrauma. 1995;12:289–98.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmed AI, Bullock MR, Dietrich WD. Hypothermia in traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2016;27:489–97.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chiu AW, Hinson HE. Future directions for hypothermia following severe traumatic Brian injury. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;38:768–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Drewry A, Mohr NM. Temperature management in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2022;50:1138–47.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen K, Schenone AL, Gheyath B, Borges N, Duggal A, Popovic ZB, Menon V. Impact of hypothermia on cardiac performance during targeted temperature management after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2019;142:1–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hirst TC, Klasen MG, Rhodes JK, Macleod MR, Andrews PJD. A systematic review and Meta-Analysis of hypothermia in experimental traumatic brain injury: why have promising animal studies not been replicated in pragmatic clinical trials?? J Neurotrauma. 2020;37:2057–68.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao WY, Chen SB, Wang JJ, Xu C, Zhao ML, Dong HJ, Liang HQ, Li XH, Tu Y, Zhang S, et al. Establishment of an ideal time window model in hypothermic-targeted temperature management after traumatic brain injury in rats. Brain Res. 2017;1669:141–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cooper DJ, Nichol AD, Bailey M, Bernard S, Cameron PA, Pili-Floury S, Forbes A, Gantner D, Higgins AM, Huet O, et al. Effect of early sustained prophylactic hypothermia on neurologic outcomes among patients with severe traumatic brain injury: the POLAR randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;320:2211–20.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yenari MA, Han HS. Neuroprotective mechanisms of hypothermia in brain ischaemia. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012;13:267–78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clark RS, Kochanek PM, Marion DW, Schiding JK, White M, Palmer AM, DeKosky ST. Mild posttraumatic hypothermia reduces mortality after severe controlled cortical impact in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1996;16:253–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lotocki G, de Rivero Vaccari J, Alonso O, Molano JS, Nixon R, Dietrich WD, Bramlett HM. Oligodendrocyte vulnerability following traumatic brain injury in rats: effect of moderate hypothermia. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag. 2011;1:43–51.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central