Lee TC, Guo HR, Su HJ, Yang YC, Chang HL, Chen KT. Diseases caused by enterovirus 71 infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28(10):904–10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nayak G, Bhuyan SK, Bhuyan R, Sahu A, Kar D, Kuanar A. Global emergence of enterovirus 71: a systematic review. Beni Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci. 2022;11(1):78.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen SP, Huang YC, Li WC, Chiu CH, Huang CG, Tsao KC, et al. Comparison of clinical features between coxsackievirus A2 and enterovirus 71 during the enterovirus outbreak in Taiwan, 2008: a children’s hospital experience. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2010;43(2):99–104.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wong KT, Munisamy B, Ong KC, Kojima H, Noriyo N, Chua KB, et al. The distribution of inflammation and virus in human enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis suggests possible viral spread by neural pathways. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2008;67(2):162–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alquisiras-Burgos I, Peralta-Arrieta I, Alonso-Palomares LA, Zacapala-Gómez AE, Salmerón-Bárcenas EG, Aguilera P. Neurological complications associated with the Blood-Brain barrier damage induced by the inflammatory response during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mol Neurobiol. 2021;58(2):520–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liebner S, Dijkhuizen RM, Reiss Y, Plate KH, Agalliu D, Constantin G. Functional morphology of the blood-brain barrier in health and disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2018;135(3):311–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Colombo M, Raposo G, Thery C. Biogenesis, secretion, and intercellular interactions of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2014;30:255–89.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Raposo G, Stoorvogel W. Extracellular vesicles: exosomes, microvesicles, and friends. J Cell Biol. 2013;200:373–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ratajczak J, Wysoczynski M, Hayek F, Janowska-Wieczorek A, Ratajczak MZ. Membrane-derived microvesicles: important and underappreciated mediators of cell-to-cell communication. Leukemia. 2006;20(9):1487–95.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ratajczak MZ, Ratajczak J. Extracellular microvesicles/exosomes: discovery, disbelief, acceptance, and the future? Leukemia. 2020;34(12):3126–35.

Lee TH, D’Asti E, Magnus N, Al-Nedawi K, Meehan B, Rak J. Microvesicles as mediators of intercellular communication in cancer–the emerging science of cellular ‘debris’. Semin Immunopathol. 2011;33(5):455–67.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ratajczak J, Wysoczynski M, Hayek F, Janowska-Wieczorek A, Ratajczak MZ. Membrane-derived microvesicles: important and underappreciated mediators of cell-to-cell communication. Leukemia. 2006;20:1487–95.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li KY, Zheng L, Wang Q, Hu YW. Characteristics of erythrocyte-derived microvesicles and its relation with atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2016;255:140–4. Epub 2016 Oct 22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bello-Morales R, Praena B, de la Nuez C, Rejas MT, Guerra M, Galán-Ganga M, et al. Role of microvesicles in the spread of herpes simplex virus 1 in oligodendrocytic cells. J Virol. 2018;92(10):e00088–18.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Martins ST, Kuczera D, Lötvall J, Bordignon J, Alves LR. Characterization of dendritic Cell-Derived extracellular vesicles during dengue virus infection. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:1792.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moulin C, Crupi MJF, Ilkow CS, Bell JC, Boulton S. Extracellular vesicles and viruses: two intertwined entities. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(2):1036.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Martínez-Rojas PP, Quiroz-García E, Monroy-Martínez V, Agredano-Moreno LT, Jiménez-García LF, Ruiz-Ordaz BH. Participation of extracellular vesicles from Zika-Virus-Infected mosquito cells in the modification of Naïve cells’ behavior by mediating Cell-to-Cell transmission of viral elements. Cells. 2020;9(1):123.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pan Q, He C, Liu H, Liao X, Dai B, Chen Y, et al. Microvascular endothelial cells-derived microvesicles imply in ischemic stroke by modulating astrocyte and blood brain barrier function and cerebral blood flow. Mol Brain. 2016;9(1):63.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

D’Souza A, Burch A, Dave KM, Sreeram A, Reynolds MJ, Dobbins DX, et al. Microvesicles transfer mitochondria and increase mitochondrial function in brain endothelial cells. J Control Release. 2021;338:505–26.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sliter DA, Martinez J, Hao L, Chen X, Sun N, Fischer TD, et al. Parkin and PINK1 mitigate STING-induced inflammation. Nature. 2018;561(7722):258–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Torp MK, Vaage J, Stensløkken KO. Mitochondria-derived damage-associated molecular patterns and inflammation in the ischemic-reperfused heart. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2023;237(3):e13920.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ashleigh T, Swerdlow RH, Beal MF. The role of mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. Alzheimers Dement. 2023;19(1):333–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang W, Zhao F, Lu Y, Siedlak SL, Fujioka H, Feng H, et al. Damaged mitochondria coincide with presynaptic vesicle loss and abnormalities in Alzheimer’s disease brain. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2023;11(1):54.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang C, Liu C, Li F, Zheng M, Liu Y, Li L, et al. Extracellular mitochondria activate microglia and contribute to neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury. Neurotox Res. 2022;40(6):2264–77.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Priester A, Waters R, Abbott A, Hilmas K, Woelk K, Miller HA, et al. Theranostic copolymers neutralize reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation products for the combined treatment of traumatic brain injury. Biomacromolecules. 2022;23(4):1703–12.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lorentzos MS, Booy R, Jones CA, Rawlinson W, Ramachandran V, Rodriguez ML, et al. Clinical characteristics and functional motor outcomes of enterovirus 71 neurological disease in children. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73(3):300–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ko SY, Lee W, Weigert M, Jonasch E, Lengyel E, Naora H. The glycoprotein CD147 defines miRNA-enriched extracellular vesicles that derive from cancer cells. J Extracell Vesicles. 2023;12(4):e12318.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Escrevente C, Keller S, Altevogt P, Costa J. Interaction and uptake of exosomes by ovarian cancer cells. BMC Cancer. 2011;11:108.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Costa Verdera H, Gitz-Francois JJ, Schiffelers RM, Vader P. Cellular uptake of extracellular vesicles is mediated by clathrin-independent endocytosis and macropinocytosis. J Control Release. 2017;266:100–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haseloff RF, Dithmer S, Winkler L, Wolburg H, Blasig IE. Transmembrane proteins of the tight junctions at the blood-brain barrier: structural and functional aspects. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2015;38:16–25.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Phinney DG, Di Giuseppe M, Njah J, Sala E, Shiva S, St Croix CM, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells use extracellular vesicles to outsource mitophagy and shuttle MicroRNAs. Nat Commun. 2015;6:8472.

Article