Sankaridurg P, Tahhan N, Kandel H, Naduvilath T, Zou H, Frick KD, et al. IMI impact of myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021;62(5):2. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.62.5.2.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, Jong M, Naidoo KS, Sankaridurg P, et al. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(5):1036–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.006.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Du Y, Meng J, He W, Qi J, Lu Y, Zhu X. Complications of high myopia: an update from clinical manifestations to underlying mechanisms. Adv Ophthalmol Pract Res. 2024;4(3):156–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aopr.2024.06.003.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chua SYL, Foster PJ. The economic and societal impact of myopia and high myopia. In: Holden BA, Jong M, Resnikoff S, editors. Updates on myopia: a clinical perspective. 2020:53–63.

Yin X, Zhang S, Lee JH, Dong H, Mourgkos G, Terwilliger G, et al. Compartmentalized ocular lymphatic system mediates eye-brain immunity. Nature. 2024;628(8006):204–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07130-8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li Q, Yang J, He Y, Wang T, Zhong L, Zhu Z, et al. Investigation of the psychological health of first-year high school students with myopia in Guangzhou. Brain Behav. 2020;10(4):e01594. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1594.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yokoi T, Moriyama M, Hayashi K, Shimada N, Tomita M, Yamamoto N, et al. Predictive factors for comorbid psychiatric disorders and their impact on vision-related quality of life in patients with high myopia. Int Ophthalmol. 2014;34(2):171–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-013-9805-8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu X, Meng J, Han C, Wu Q, Du Y, Qi J, et al. CCL2-mediated inflammatory pathogenesis underlies high myopia-related anxiety. Cell Discov. 2023;9(1):94. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-023-00588-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Golubnitschaja O, Watson ID, Topic E, Sandberg S, Ferrari M, Costigliola V. Position paper of the EPMA and EFLM: a global vision of the consolidated promotion of an integrative medical approach to advance health care. EPMA J. 2013;4(1):12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1878-5085-4-12.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen HW, Zhou R, Cao BF, Liu K, Zhong Q, Huang YN, et al. The predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine of insomnia: gut microbiota and inflammation. EPMA J. 2023;14(4):571–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13167-023-00345-1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu J, Ou G, Wang S, Chen Y, Xu L, Deng L, et al. The predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine of depression: gut microbiota and inflammation. EPMA J. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13167-024-00379-z.

Napolitano P, Filippelli M, Davinelli S, Bartollino S, dell’Omo R, Costagliola C. Influence of gut microbiota on eye diseases: an overview. Ann Med. 2021;53(1):750–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2021.1925150.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li H, Liu S, Zhang K, Zhu X, Dai J, Lu Y. Gut microbiome and plasma metabolome alterations in myopic mice. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1251243. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1251243.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Omar WEW, Singh G, McBain AJ, Cruickshank F, Radhakrishnan H. Gut microbiota profiles in myopes and nonmyopes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2024;65(5):2. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.65.5.2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Foster JA, McVey Neufeld KA. Gut-brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. Trends Neurosci. 2013;36(5):305–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.005.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frankiensztajn LM, Elliott E, Koren O. The microbiota and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, implications for anxiety and stress disorders. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2020;62:76–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2019.12.003.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tan HE. The microbiota-gut-brain axis in stress and depression. Front Neurosci. 2023;17:1151478. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1151478.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang F, Wu X. Brain neurotransmitter modulation by gut microbiota in anxiety and depression. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:649103. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.649103.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Merino Del Portillo M, Clemente-Suárez VJ, Ruisoto P, Jimenez M, Ramos-Campo DJ, Beltran-Velasco AI, et al. Nutritional modulation of the gut-brain axis: a comprehensive review of dietary interventions in depression and anxiety management. Metabolites. 2024;14(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14100549.

Richmond RC, Davey Smith G. Mendelian randomization: concepts and scope. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2022;12(1). https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a040501.

Smith GD, Ebrahim S. ‘Mendelian randomization’: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32(1):1–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyg070.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sanderson E, Glymour MM, Holmes MV, Kang H, Morrison J, Munafò MR, et al. Mendelian randomization. Nat Rev Methods Primers. 2022;2.https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-021-00092-5.

Golubnitschaja O, Costigliola V. General report & recommendations in predictive, preventive and personalised medicine 2012: white paper of the European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine. EPMA J. 2012;3(1):14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1878-5085-3-14.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burgess S, Davey Smith G, Davies NM, Dudbridge F, Gill D, Glymour MM, et al. Guidelines for performing Mendelian randomization investigations: update for summer 2023. Wellcome Open Res. 2019;4:186. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15555.3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Emdin CA, Khera AV, Kathiresan S. Mendelian randomization. JAMA. 2017;318(19):1925–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.17219.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boutin TS, Charteris DG, Chandra A, Campbell S, Hayward C, Campbell A, et al. Insights into the genetic basis of retinal detachment. Hum Mol Genet. 2020;29(4):689–702. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddz294.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kurilshikov A, Medina-Gomez C, Bacigalupe R, Radjabzadeh D, Wang J, Demirkan A, et al. Large-scale association analyses identify host factors influencing human gut microbiome composition. Nat Genet. 2021;53(2):156–65. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-020-00763-1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang X, Wang C, Liu K, Wan Q, Wu W, Liu C. Association between sleep-related phenotypes and gut microbiota: a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Front Microbiol. 2024;15:1341643. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1341643.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Otowa T, Hek K, Lee M, Byrne EM, Mirza SS, Nivard MG, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of anxiety disorders. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21(10):1391–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2015.197.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Meier SM, Trontti K, Purves KL, Als TD, Grove J, Laine M, et al. Genetic variants associated with anxiety and stress-related disorders: a genome-wide association study and mouse-model study. JAMA Psychiat. 2019;76(9):924–32. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.1119.

Article  Google Scholar 

Als TD, Kurki MI, Grove J, Voloudakis G, Therrien K, Tasanko E, et al. Depression pathophysiology, risk prediction of recurrence and comorbid psychiatric disorders using genome-wide analyses. Nat Med. 2023;29(7):1832–44. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02352-1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wray NR, Ripke S, Mattheisen M, Trzaskowski M, Byrne EM, Abdellaoui A, et al. Genome-wide association analyses identify 44 risk variants and refine the genetic architecture of major depression. Nat Genet. 2018;50(5):668–81.