Bergqvist C, Ezzedine K. Vitiligo: A review. Dermatology. 2020;236(6):571–92. https://doi.org/10.1159/000506103.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luo L, Zhu J, Guo Y, Li C. Mitophagy and immune infiltration in vitiligo: evidence from bioinformatics analysis. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1164124. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1164124.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lin Y, Ding Y, Wu Y, Yang Y, Liu Z, Xiang L, Zhang C. The underestimated role of mitochondria in vitiligo: from oxidative stress to inflammation and cell death. Exp Dermatol. 2024;33(1):e14856. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.14856.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ding GZ, Zhao WE, Li X, Gong QL, Lu Y. A comparative study of mitochondrial ultrastructure in melanocytes from perilesional vitiligo skin and perilesional halo nevi skin. Arch Dermatol Res. 2015;307(3):281–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-015-1544-4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kabashima K, Honda T, Ginhoux F, Egawa G. The immunological anatomy of the skin. Nat Rev Immunol. 2019;19(1):19–30. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-018-0084-5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sreedhar A, Aguilera-Aguirre L, Singh KK. Mitochondria in skin health, aging, and disease. Cell Death Dis. 2020;11(6):444. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-020-2649-z.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stout R, Birch-Machin M. Mitochondria’s role in skin aging. Biology. 2019;8(2):29. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology8020029.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Birch-Machin MA. Mitochondria and skin disease. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2000;25(2):141–6. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2230.2000.00605.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wikramanayake TC, Chéret J, Sevilla A, Birch-Machin M, Paus R. Targeting mitochondria in dermatological therapy: beyond oxidative damage and skin aging. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2022;26(3):233–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728222.2022.2049756.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feichtinger RG, Sperl W, Bauer JW, Kofler B. Mitochondrial dysfunction: a neglected component of skin diseases. Exp Dermatol. 2014;23(9):607–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.12484.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shin SH, Lee YH, Rho NK, Park KY. Skin aging from mechanisms to interventions: focusing on dermal aging. Front Physiol. 2023;14:1195272. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1195272.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Martic I, Papaccio F, Bellei B, Cavinato M. Mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism across skin cells: implications for skin homeostasis and aging. Front Physiol. 2023;14:1284410. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1284410.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang JH, Lee HC, Wei YH. Photoageing-associated mitochondrial DNA length mutations in human skin. Arch Dermatol Res. 1995;287(7):641–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00371736.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Singh B, Schoeb TR, Bajpai P, Slominski A, Singh KK. Reversing wrinkled skin and hair loss in mice by restoring mitochondrial function. Cell Death Dis. 2018;9(7):735. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-018-0765-9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ng JY, Chew FT. A systematic review of skin aging genes: gene pleiotropy and genes on the chromosomal band 16q24.3 may drive skin aging. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):13099. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17443-1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fisher GJ, Wang ZQ, Datta SC, Varani J, Kang S, Voorhees JJ. Pathophysiology of premature skin aging induced by ultraviolet light. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(20):1419–28. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199711133372003.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Russell-Goldman E, Murphy GF. The pathobiology of skin aging: new insights into an old dilemma. Am J Pathol. 2020;190(7):1356–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.03.007.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Berneburg M, Plettenberg H, Medve-König K, Pfahlberg A, Gers-Barlag H, Gefeller O, Krutmann J. Induction of the photoaging-associated mitochondrial common deletion in vivo in normal human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2004;122(5):1277–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22502.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gupta D, Abdullah TS. Regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in skin: role in pathophysiology. Int J Dermatol. 2022;61(5):541–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.15744.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berneburg M, Gattermann N, Stege H, Grewe M, Vogelsang K, Ruzicka T, Krutmann J. Chronically ultraviolet-exposed human skin shows a higher mutation frequency of mitochondrial DNA as compared to unexposed skin and the hematopoietic system. Photochem Photobiol. 1997;66(2):271–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb08654.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang C, Gao X, Li M, Yu X, Huang F, Wang Y, Yan Y, Zhang H, Shi Y, He X. The role of mitochondrial quality surveillance in skin aging: focus on mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis and mitophagy. Ageing Res Rev. 2023;87:101917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2023.101917.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sylakowski K, Wells A. ECM-regulation of autophagy: the yin and the yang of autophagy during wound healing. Matrix Biol. 2021;100–101:197–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matbio.2020.12.006.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wong W, Crane ED, Zhang H, Li J, Day TA, Green AE, Menzies KJ, Crane JD. Pgc-1α controls epidermal stem cell fate and skin repair by sustaining NAD+ homeostasis during aging. Mol Metab. 2022;65:101575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101575.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tilokani L, Nagashima S, Paupe V, Prudent J. Mitochondrial dynamics: overview of molecular mechanisms. Essays Biochem. 2018;62(3):341–60. https://doi.org/10.1042/EBC20170104.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Losón OC, Song Z, Chen H, Chan DC. Fis1, Mff, MiD49, and MiD51 mediate Drp1 recruitment in mitochondrial fission. Mol Biol Cell. 2013;24(5):659–67. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E12-10-0721.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ledrhem M, Nakamura M, Obitsu M, Hirae K, Kameyama J, Bouamama H, Gadhi C, Katakura Y. Essential oils derived from Cistus species activate mitochondria by inducing SIRT1 expression in human keratinocytes, leading to senescence inhibition. Molecules. 2022;27(7):2053. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072053.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fu W, Liu Y, Yin H. Mitochondrial dynamics: biogenesis, fission, fusion, and mitophagy in the regulation of stem cell behaviors. Stem Cells Int. 2019;2019:9757201. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9757201.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central