Chowdhary N, Barbui C, Anstey KJ, Kivipelto M, Barbera M, Peters R, Zheng L, … Dua T. Reducing the risk of cognitive decline and dementia: WHO recommendations. Frontiers in Neurology 2022;12:765584.

Erkkinen MG, Kim MO, Geschwind MD. Clinical neurology and epidemiology of the major neurodegenerative diseases. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 2018;10(4):a033118.

Cutler SJ. Worries about getting Alzheimer’s: who’s concerned? Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2015;30:591–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kessler EM, Bowen CE, Baer M, Froelich L, Wahl HW. Dementia worry: a psychological examination of an unexplored phenomenon. Eur J Ageing. 2012;9:275–84.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jessen F, Amariglio RE, Van Boxtel M, Breteler M, Ceccaldi M, Chételat G, Dubois B, Dufouil C, Ellis KA, Van Der Flier WM. A conceptual framework for research on subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2014;10:844–52.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Buckley RF, Maruff P, Ames D, Bourgeat P, Martins RN, Masters CL, Rainey-Smith S, Lautenschlager N, Rowe CC, Savage G, Villemagne VL, Ellis KA. Subjective memory decline predicts greater rates of clinical progression in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 2016;12:796–804.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mitchell AJ, Beaumont H, Ferguson D, Yadegarfar M, Stubbs B. Risk of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in older people with subjective memory complaints: meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014;130:439–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mosconi L, Pupi A, De Leon MJ. Brain glucose hypometabolism and oxidative stress in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1147:180–95.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rostamzadeh A, Bohr L, Wagner M, Baethge C, Jessen F. Progression of subjective cognitive decline to MCI or dementia in relation to biomarkers for Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. Neurology. 2022;99:e1866–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Harten AC, Mielke MM, Swenson-Dravis DM, Hagen CE, Edwards KK, Roberts RO, Geda YE, Knopman DS, Petersen RC. Subjective cognitive decline and risk of MCI: the Mayo Clinic study of aging. Neurology. 2018;91:e300–12.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cacciamani F, Tandetnik C, Gagliardi J, Bertin H, Habert M, Hampel H, Boukadida L, Révillon M, Epelbaum S, Dubois B. Low cognitive awareness, but not complaint, is a good marker of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 2017;59:753–62.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Lee EE, Depp C, Palmer BW, Glorioso D, Daly R, Liu J, Tu XM, Kim HC, Tarr P, Yamada Y, Jeste DV. High prevalence and adverse health effects of loneliness in community-dwelling adults across the lifespan: role of wisdom as a protective factor. Int Psychogeriatr. 2019;31:1447–62.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Buckley R, Saling M, Ames D, Rowe C, Lautenschlager N, Macaulay S, … Ellis K. Factors affecting subjective memory complaints in the AIBL aging study: biomarkers, memory, affect, and age. Int Psychogeriatrics 2013;25:1307–1315.

Tsapanou A, Vlachos GS, Cosentino S, Gu Y, Manly JJ, Brickman AM, Schupf N, Zimmerman ME, Yannakoulia M, Kosmidis MH, Dardiotis E, Hadjigeorgiou G, Sakka P, Stern Y, Scarmeas N, Mayeux R. Sleep and subjective cognitive decline in cognitively healthy elderly: results from two cohorts. J Sleep Res. 2019;28:e12759.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koh DH, Rho YJ, Lee SY, Kim KN, Ju YJ. Association between blood glucose control and subjective cognitive decline in Korean patients with diabetes aged over 50 years. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:7267.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Möllers T, Stocker H, Perna L, Rujescu D, Holleczek B, Schöttker B, Brenner H, Subjective short-term memory difficulties at ages 50–75 predict dementia risk in a community-based cohort followed over 17 years. Age Ageing 2022;51(6):afac113.

Cacciamani F, Houot M, Gagliardi G, Dubois B, Sikkes S, Sánchez-Benavides G, Denicolò E, Molinuevo JL, Vannini P, Epelbaum S. Awareness of cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci (IF: 5.75; Q1). 2021:13:697234. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.697234.

Cacciamani F, Sambati L, Houot M, Habert MO, Dubois B, Epelbaum S. Awareness of cognitive decline trajectories in asymptomatic individuals at risk for AD. Alzheimer’s Res Ther. 2020;12:1–10.

Google Scholar 

Gagliardi G, Houot M, Cacciamani F, Habert M, Dubois B, Epelbaum S. The meta-memory ratio: a new cohort-independent way to measure cognitive awareness in asymptomatic individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Res Ther. 2020;12:1–11.

Google Scholar 

Hanseeuw BJ, Scott MR, Sikkes SAM, Properzi M, Gatchel JR, Salmon E, Marshall GA, Vannini P. Evolution of anosognosia in alzheimer’s disease and its relationship to amyloid. Ann Neurol. 2020;87:267–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dufouil C, Dubois B, Vellas B, Pasquier F, Blanc F, Hugon J, Hanon O, Dartigues JF, Harston S, Gabelle A, Ceccaldi M, Beauchet O, Krolak-Salmon P, David R, Rouaud O, Godefroy O, Belin C, Rouch I, Auguste N, Wallon D, … MEMENTO cohort Study Group. Cognitive and imaging markers in non-demented subjects attending a memory clinic: study design and baseline findings of the MEMENTO cohort. Alzheimer's Res Ther. 2017;9:67.

Derouesné C, Poitreneau J, Hugonot L, Kalafat M, Dubois B, Laurent B, GRECO Study Group. Le Mental-State Examination (MMSE): un outil pratique pour l’évaluation de l’état cognitif des patients par le clinicien. Version française consensuelle Presse Médicale. 1999;28:1141–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cummings JL, Mega M, Gray K, Rosenberg-Thompson S, Carusi DA, Gornbein J. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology 1994;44:2308–14.

Evans DC, Cook CH, Christy JM, Murphy CV, Gerlach AT, Eiferman D, Lindsey DE, Whitmill ML, Papadimos TJ, Beery PR, Steinberg SM, Stawicki SP. Comorbidity-polypharmacy scoring facilitates outcome prediction in older trauma patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60:1465–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fowler CJ, Stoops E, Rainey-Smith SR, Vanmechelen E, Vanbrabant J, Dewit N, Mauroo K, Maruff P, Rowe CC, Fripp J, Li QX, Bourgeat P, Collins SJ, Martins RN, Masters CL, Doecke JD. Plasma p-tau181/Aβ1–42 ratio predicts Aβ-PET status and correlates with CSF-p-tau181/Aβ1–42 and future cognitive decline. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2022;14:e12375.

Article  Google Scholar 

Schwarz CG, Gunter JL, Wiste HJ, Przybelski SA, Weigand SD, Ward CP, Senjem ML, Vemuri P, Murray ME, Dickson DW, Parisi JE, Kantarci K, Weiner MW, Petersen RC, Jack CR. A large-scale comparison of cortical thickness and volume methods for measuring Alzheimer’s disease severity. NeuroImage Clinical. 2016;11:802–12.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fischl B, Sereno MI, Dale AM. Cortical surface-based analysis. II: Inflation, flattening, and a surface-based coordinate system. Neuroimage. 1999;9:195–207.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Desikan RS, Ségonne F, Fischl B, Quinn BT, Dickerson BC, Blacker D, Buckner RL, Dale AM, Maguire RP, Hyman BT, Albert MS, Killiany RJ. An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. Neuroimage. 2006;31:968–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA work group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 1984;34:939–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-IV-TR ed; 2000.

Philipps V. Normalized mini-mental state examination for assessing cognitive change in population-based brain aging studies. Neuroepidemiology. 2014;43:15–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

C. Proust-Lima, V. Philipps, B. Liquet, Estimation of extended mixed models using latent classes and latent processes: the R package lcmm. Journal of Statistical Software 2015;78:1–56.

C. Proust, H. Jacqmin-Gadda, Estimation of linear mixed models with a mixture of distribution for the random effects. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2005;78:165–73.

Xie H, Mayo N, Koski L. Identifying and characterizing trajectories of cognitive change in older persons with mild cognitive impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2011;31:165–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baker E, Iqbal E, Johnston C, Broadbent M, Shetty H, Stewart R, Howard R, Newhouse S, Khondoker M, Dobson RJB. Trajectories of dementia-related cognitive decline in a large mental health records derived patient cohort. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0178562.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Han L, Gill TM, Jones BL, Allore HG. Cognitive aging trajectories and burdens of disability, hospitalization and nursing home admission among community-living older persons. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016;71:766–71.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nagaratnam JM, Sharmin S, Diker A, Lim WK, Maier AB. Trajectories of mini-mental state examination scores over the lifespan in general populations: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Clin Gerontol. 2022;45:467–76.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jack C, Bennett DA, Blennow K, Carrillo MC, Dunn B, Haeberlein SB, Holtzman DM, Jagust W, Jessen F, Karlawish J, Liu E, Molinuevo JL, Montine T, Phelps C, Rankin KP, Rowe CC, Scheltens P, Siemers E, Snyder HM, Sperling R. NIA-AA Research Framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2018;14:535–62.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Bennett DA, Craft S, Fagan AM, Iwatsubo T, Jack CR, Kaye J, Montine TJ, Park DC, Reiman EM, Rowe CC, Siemers E, Stern Y, Yaffe K, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Morrison-Bogorad M, Wagster MV, Phelps CH. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7:280–92.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tombaugh TN. Test-retest reliable coefficients and 5-year change scores for the MMSE and 3MS. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;20:485–503.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jendryczko D, Scharfen J, Holling H. The impact of situational test anxiety on retest effects in cognitive ability testing: a structural equation modeling approach. J Intelligence. 2019;7:22.

Article  Google Scholar 

Divo MJ. Ageing and the epidemiology of multimorbidity. Eur Respir J. 2014;44:1068.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kulshreshtha A. Association between cardiovascular health and cognitive performance: a twins study. J Alzheimer’s Dis: JAD. 2019;71:957–68.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moheet A, Mangia S, Seaquist ER. Impact of diabetes on cognitive function and brain structure. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015;1353:60–71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Trief PM, Sandberg JG, Dimmock JA, Forken PJ, Weinstock RS. Personal and relationship challenges of adults with type 1 diabetes: a qualitative focus group study. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:2483–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central