Anders JJ, Lanzafame RJ, Arany PR (2015) Low-level light/laser therapy versus photobiomodulation therapy. Photomed Laser Surg 33(4):183–184. https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2015.9848

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Blivet G, Touchon B, Cavadore H et al (2025) Brain photobiomodulation: a potential treatment in alzheimer’s and parkinson’s diseases. J Prev Alzheimers Dis Apr 25:100185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjpad.2025.100185

Article  Google Scholar 

Burtscher J, Moraud EM, Malatesta D, Millet GP, Bally JF, Patoz A (2024) Exercise and gait/movement analyses in treatment and diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. Ageing Res Rev 93:102147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2023.102147

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burtscher J, Romani M, Bernardo G et al (2022) Boosting mitochondrial health to counteract neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 215:102289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102289

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burtscher J, Soltany A, Visavadiya NP et al (2023) Mitochondrial stress and mitokines in aging. Aging Cell 22(2):e13770. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13770

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cakit BD, Saracoglu M, Genc H, Erdem HR, Inan L (2007) The effects of incremental speed-dependent treadmill training on postural instability and fear of falling in Parkinson’s disease. Clin Rehabil 21(8):698–705. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215507077269

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Erlbaum, Hillsdale

Google Scholar 

Cugusi L, Solla P, Serpe R et al (2015) Effects of a nordic walking program on motor and non-motor symptoms, functional performance and body composition in patients with parkinson’s disease. Neurorehabil 37(2):245–254. https://doi.org/10.3233/nre-151257

Article  Google Scholar 

da Silva TG, Ribeiro RS, Mencalha AL, de Souza Fonseca A (2023) Photobiomodulation at molecular, cellular, and systemic levels. Lasers Med Sci 13(1):136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-023-03801-6

Article  Google Scholar 

Dittmar M (2002) Functional and postural lateral preferences in humans: interrelations and life-span age differences. Hum Biol 74(4):569–585. https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2002.0040

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dorsey ER, Sherer T, Okun MS, Bloem BR (2018) The emerging evidence of the Parkinson pandemic. J Parkinsons Dis 8(s1):S3-s8. https://doi.org/10.3233/jpd-181474

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Foley TE, Fleshner M (2008) Neuroplasticity of dopamine circuits after exercise: implications for central fatigue. Neuromolecular Med 10(2):67–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12017-008-8032-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR (1975) Mini-mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res Nov 12(3):189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Goetz CG, Fahn S, Martinez-Martin P (2007) Movement disorder society‐sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS‐UPDRS): process, format, and clinimetric testing plan. Mov Disord 22(1):41–47. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21198

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gonzales TI, Jeon JY, Lindsay T et al (2023) Resting heart rate is a population-level biomarker of cardiorespiratory fitness: the Fenland study. PLoS ONE 18(5):e0285272. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285272

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gordon LC, Martin KL, Torres N et al (2023) Remote photobiomodulation targeted at the abdomen or legs provides effective neuroprotection against parkinsonian MPTP insult. Eur J Neurosci 57(9):1611–1624. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.15973

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gusdon AM, Callio J, Distefano G et al (2017) Exercise increases mitochondrial complex I activity and DRP1 expression in the brains of aged mice. Exp Gerontol 90:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2017.01.013

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hamblin MR (2018) Mechanisms and mitochondrial redox signaling in photobiomodulation. Photochem Photobiol 94(2):199–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.12864

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hamilton C, Hamilton D, Nicklason F, El Massri N, Mitrofanis J (2018) Exploring the use of transcranial photobiomodulation in Parkinson’s disease patients. Neural Regen Res 13(10):1738

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hamilton CL, El Khoury H, Hamilton D, Nicklason F, Mitrofanis J (2019a) Buckets: early observations on the use of red and infrared light helmets in Parkinson’s disease patients. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 37(10):615–622. https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2019.4663

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hamilton C, Hamilton D, Nicklason F, Mitrofanis J (2019b) Transcranial photobiomodulation therapy: observations from four movement disorder patients. Photobiomodulation in the Brain. Elsevier; :463–472

Henderson TA, Morries LD (2015) Near-infrared photonic energy penetration: can infrared phototherapy effectively reach the human brain? Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 11:2191–2208. https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.S78182

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hervás MT, Navarro Collado MJ, Peiró S, Rodrigo Pérez JL, López Matéu P, Martínez Tello I (2006) [Spanish version of the DASH questionnaire. Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, validity and responsiveness]. Med Clin (Barc). Sep 30 ;127(12):441-7. Versión española del cuestionario DASH. Adaptación transcultural, fiabilidad, validez y sensibilidad a los cambios. https://doi.org/10.1157/13093053

Hoehn MM, Yahr MD (1967) Parkinsonism: onset, progression and mortality. Neurology 17(5):427–442. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.17.5.427

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hudak PL, Amadio PC, Bombardier C (1996) Development of an upper extremity outcome measure: the DASH (disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand) [corrected]. The upper extremity collaborative group (UECG). Am J Ind Med Jun 29(6):602–608. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0274(199606)29:6%3C602::Aid-ajim4%3E3.0.Co;2-l

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kalia LV, Asis A, Arbour N et al (2024) Disease-modifying therapies for Parkinson disease: lessons from multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 20(12):724–737. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-024-01023-0

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kenney WL, Wilmore JH, Costill DL (2022) Physiology of sport and exercise. Human kinetics

Kim B, Mitrofanis J, Stone J, Johnstone DM (2018) Remote tissue conditioning is neuroprotective against MPTP insult in mice. IBRO Rep Jun 4:14–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibror.2018.01.001

Article  Google Scholar 

Kuffler DP (2016) Photobiomodulation in promoting wound healing: a review. Regen Med 11(Jan):107–122. https://doi.org/10.2217/rme.15.82

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lane N (2006) Cell biology: power games. Nature Oct 26(7114):901–903. https://doi.org/10.1038/443901a

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Liebert A, Bicknell B, Laakso EL et al (2022) Remote photobiomodulation treatment for the clinical signs of Parkinson’s disease: a case series conducted during COVID-19. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 40(2):112–122. https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2021.0056

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liebert A, Bicknell B, Laakso EL (2024) Improvements in clinical signs and symptoms of Parkinson’s disease using photobiomodulation: a five-year follow-up. BMC Neurol 9(1):381. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-024-03857-z

Article  Google Scholar 

Liebert A, Bicknell B, Laakso EL (2021) Improvements in clinical signs of Parkinson’s disease using photobiomodulation: a prospective proof-of-concept study. BMC Neurol (1):256. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-021-02248-y

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar