Collaborators GDaIIaP (2016) Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet 388(10053):1545–1602

Article  Google Scholar 

Tan JK, Bhate K (2015) A global perspective on the epidemiology of acne. Br J Dermatol 172(Suppl 1):3–12

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cruz S, Vecerek N, Elbuluk N (2023) Targeting inflammation in acne: current treatments and future prospects. Am J Clin Dermatol 24(5):681–694

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rahaman SMA, De D, Handa S, Pal A, Sachdeva N, Ghosh T et al (2016) Association of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 gene polymorphisms with plasma levels of IGF-1 and acne severity. J Am Acad Dermatol 75(4):768–773

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Isard O, Knol AC, Ariès MF, Nguyen JM, Khammari A, Castex-Rizzi N et al (2011) Propionibacterium acnes activates the IGF-1/IGF-1R system in the epidermis and induces keratinocyte proliferation. J Invest Dermatol 131(1):59–66

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Penso L, Touvier M, Deschasaux M, Szabo de Edelenyi F, Hercberg S, Ezzedine K et al (2020) Association between adult acne and dietary behaviors: findings from the NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort study. JAMA Dermatol 156(8):854–862

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meng T, Guo X, Lian W, Deng K, Gao L, Wang Z et al (2020) Identifying facial features and predicting patients of acromegaly using three-dimensional imaging techniques and machine learning. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 11:492

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fleseriu M, Langlois F, Lim DST, Varlamov EV, Melmed S (2022) Acromegaly: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 10(11):804–826

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khamdan FA, Shah MA, Khamdan MA, Albasri E (2022) Acromegaly presenting with resistant acne vulgaris. Case Rep Dermatol 14(2):151–156

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shen Y, Wang T, Zhou C, Wang X, Ding X, Tian S et al (2012) Prevalence of acne vulgaris in Chinese adolescents and adults: a community-based study of 17,345 subjects in six cities. Acta Derm Venereol 92(1):40–44

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang X, Fan MJ, Yu YF, Fan XY, Chen J, Lai YF et al (2023) Acromegaly presented with acne vulgaris: a retrospective study with 123 cases. J Endocrinol Invest 47(6):1467–1476

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Melmed S, Bronstein MD, Chanson P, Klibanski A, Casanueva FF, Wass JAH et al (2018) A consensus statement on acromegaly therapeutic outcomes. Nat Rev Endocrinol 14(9):552–561

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Daly AF, Petrossians P, Beckers A (2005) An overview of the epidemiology and genetics of acromegaly. J Endocrinol Invest 28(11 Suppl International):67–69

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Melnik BC, Schmitz G (2009) Role of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, hyperglycaemic food and milk consumption in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Exp Dermatol 18(10):833–841

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith TM, Gilliland K, Clawson GA, Thiboutot D (2008) IGF-1 induces SREBP-1 expression and lipogenesis in SEB-1 sebocytes via activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway. J Invest Dermatol 128(5):1286–1293

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith TM, Cong Z, Gilliland KL, Clawson GA, Thiboutot DM (2006) Insulin-like growth factor-1 induces lipid production in human SEB-1 sebocytes via sterol response element-binding protein-1. J Invest Dermatol 126(6):1226–1232

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Kogia C, Abdel-Naser MB, Chrousos GP (2016) Skin manifestations of growth hormone-induced diseases. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 17(3):259–267

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ben-Shlomo A, Melmed S (2006) Skin manifestations in acromegaly. Clin Dermatol 24(4):256–259

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Borlu M, Tanriverdi F, Koc CA, Unluhizarci K, Utas S, Kelestimur F (2007) The effects of severe growth hormone deficiency on the skin of patients with Sheehan’s syndrome. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 21(2):199–204

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ranke MB, Wit JM (2018) Growth hormone - past, present and future. Nat Rev Endocrinol 14(5):285–300

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lakshmi C (2013) Hormone therapy in acne. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 79(3):322–337

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hansson HA, Nilsson A, Isgaard J, Billig H, Isaksson O, Skottner A et al (1988) Immunohistochemical localization of insulin-like growth factor I in the adult rat. Histochemistry 89(4):403–410

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zouboulis CC, Picardo M, Ju Q, Kurokawa I, Törőcsik D, Bíró T et al (2016) Beyond acne: current aspects of sebaceous gland biology and function. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 17(3):319–334

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Briganti S, Flori E, Mastrofrancesco A, Ottaviani M (2020) Acne as an altered dermato-endocrine response problem. Exp Dermatol 29(9):833–839

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cabral-Pacheco GA, Garza-Veloz I, Castruita-De la Rosa C, Ramirez-Acuña JM, Perez-Romero BA, Guerrero-Rodriguez JF et al (2020) The roles of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in human diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 21(24):9739

Theocharis AD, Skandalis SS, Gialeli C, Karamanos NK (2016) Extracellular matrix structure. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 97:4–27

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kang S, Cho S, Chung JH, Hammerberg C, Fisher GJ, Voorhees JJ (2005) Inflammation and extracellular matrix degradation mediated by activated transcription factors nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1 in inflammatory acne lesions in vivo. Am J Pathol 166(6):1691–1699

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mohammed SMA, Sabry HH, Ameen SG, Salem RM (2022) MMP-1 (519 A/G) and TIMP-1 (372 T/C) genes polymorphism in an Egyptian sample of acne vulgaris patients. J Cosmet Dermatol 21(4):1705–1711

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kelhälä HL, Palatsi R, Fyhrquist N, Lehtimäki S, Väyrynen JP, Kallioinen M et al (2014) IL-17/Th17 pathway is activated in acne lesions. PLoS One 9(8):e105238

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Khalili-Tanha G, Radisky ES, Radisky DC, Shoari A (2025) Matrix metalloproteinase-driven epithelial-mesenchymal transition: implications in health and disease. J Transl Med 23(1):436

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang Y, Hong W, Wei X (2022) The molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of EMT in tumor progression and metastasis. J Hematol Oncol 15(1):129

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pastushenko I, Blanpain C (2019) EMT transition states during tumor progression and metastasis. Trends Cell Biol 29(3):212–226

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Puig-Domingo M, Gil J, Sampedro-Nuñez M, Jordà M, Webb SM, Serra G et al (2020) Molecular profiling for acromegaly treatment: a validation study. Endocr Relat Cancer 27(6):375–389

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lekv