Romagnani P, Remuzzi G, Glassock R, Levin A, Jager KJ, Tonelli M, Massy Z, Wanner C, Anders H-J (2017) Chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers 3:17088
Matsushita K, Ballew SH, Wang AY-M, Kalyesubula R, Schaeffner E, Agarwal R (2022) Epidemiology and risk of cardiovascular disease in populations with ch ronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 18(11):696–707
Webster AC, Nagler EV, Morton RL, Masson P (2017) Chronic kidney disease. Lancet 389(10075):1238–1252
Kase BE, Liese AD, Zhang J, Murphy EA, Zhao L, Steck SE (2024) The development and evaluation of a literature-based dietary index for gut microbiota. Nutrients 16(7):1045
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Huang Y, Liu X, Lin C, Chen X, Li Y, Huang Y, Wang Y, Liu X (2025) Association between the dietary index for gut microbiota and diabetes: the mediating role of phenotypic age and body mass index. Front Nutr. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1519346
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wu Z, Gong C, Wang B (2025) The relationship between dietary index for gut microbiota and diabetes. Sci Rep 15(1):6234
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Zhang Z, Bi C, Wu R, Qu M (2025) Association of the newly proposed dietary index for gut microbiota and constipation: a cross-sectional study from NHANES. Front Nutr 12:1529373
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zheng Y, Hou J, Guo S, Song J (2025) The association between the dietary index for gut microbiota and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study. Diabetol Metab Syndr 17(1):17
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhang X, Yang Q, Huang J, Lin H, Luo N, Tang H (2024) Association of the newly proposed dietary index for gut microbiota and depression: the mediation effect of phenotypic age and body mass index. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-024-01912-x
Liu J, Huang S (2025) Dietary index for gut microbiota is associated with stroke among US adults. Food Funct 16(4):1458–1468
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
An S, Qin J, Gong X, Li S, Ding H, Zhao X, He H, Zhou L, Deng X, Chu X (2024) The mediating role of body mass index in the association between dieta ry index for gut microbiota and biological age: a study based on NHANE S 2007–2018. Nutrients 16(23):4164. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234164
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Li X-J, Shan Q-Y, Wu X, Miao H, Zhao Y-Y (2024) Gut microbiota regulates oxidative stress and inflammation: a double-edged sword in renal fibrosis. Cell Mol Life Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-024-05532-5
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Valdes AM, Walter J, Segal E, Spector TD (2018) Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health. BMJ 361:k2179. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2179
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhang Y, Li L, Qin S, Yuan J, Xie X, Wang F, Hu S, Yi Y, Chen M (2022) C-phycocyanin alleviated cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and inflam mation via gut microbiota—metabolites axis in mice. Front Nutr. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.996614
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hsiao YP, Chen HL, Tsai JN, Lin MY, Liao JW, Wei MS, Ko JL, Ou CC (2021) Administration of Lactobacillus reuteri combined with Clostridium butyricum attenuates cisplatin-induced renal damage by gut microbiota reconstitution, increasing butyric acid production, and suppressing renal inflammation. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082792
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kalantar-Zadeh K, Joshi S, Schlueter R, Cooke J, Brown-Tortorici A, Donnelly M, Schulman S, Lau W-L, Rhee C, Streja E et al (2020) Plant-dominant low-protein diet for conservative management of chronic kidney disease. Nutrients 12(7):1931. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12071931
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Vaziri ND, Liu SM, Lau WL, Khazaeli M, Nazertehrani S, Farzaneh SH, Kieffer DA, Adams SH, Martin RJ (2014) High amylose resistant starch diet ameliorates oxidative stress, inflammation, and progression of chronic kidney disease. PLoS ONE 9(12):e114881. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114881
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Lobel L, Cao YG, Fenn K, Glickman JN, Garrett WS (2020) Diet posttranslationally modifies the mouse gut microbial proteome to modulate renal function. Science 369(6510):1518–1524
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Zheng Y, Hou J, Guo S, Song J (2025) The association between the dietary index for gut microbiota and metab olic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional stu dy. Diabetol Metab Syndr 17(1):17
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Levin AS, Bilous RW, Coresh J (2013) Definition and classification of CKD. Kidney Int Suppl 3(1):19–62. https://doi.org/10.1038/kisup.2012.64
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Glomerular Diseases Work (2021) KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the management of glomerula r diseases. Kidney Int 100(4S):S1–S276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2021.05.021
Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF 3rd, Feldman HI, Kusek JW, Eggers P, Van Lente F, Greene T, Coresh J (2009) A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 150(9):604–612. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lu X, Zhou S, Liu S, Shi Y (2024) Association of the dietary inflammation index DII with the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in patients with hypertension. Ren Fail. https://doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2024.2373279
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Guo M, Lei Y, Liu X, Li X, Xu Y, Zheng D (2024) Association between dietary inflammatory index and chronic kidney dise ase in middle-aged and elderly populations. Front Nutr. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1335074
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cao H, Shi C, Aihemaiti Z, Dai X, Yu F, Wang S (2024) Association of body round index with chronic kidney disease: a population-based cross-sectional study from NHANES 1999–2018. Int Urol Nephrol 57(3):965–971
Wang H, Ainiwaer A, Song Y, Qin L, Peng A, Bao H, Qin H (2023) Perturbed gut microbiome and fecal and serum metabolomes are associated with chronic kidney disease severity. Microbiome 11(1):3
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Li F, Wang M, Wang J, Li R, Zhang Y (2019) Alterations to the gut microbiota and their correlation with inflammat ory factors in chronic kidney disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2019.00206
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jadoon A, Mathew AV, Byun J, Gadegbeku CA, Gipson DS, Afshinnia F, Pennathur S (2018) Gut microbial product predicts cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease patients. Am J Nephrol 48(4):269–277
Wong J, Piceno YM, DeSantis TZ, Pahl M, Andersen GL, Vaziri ND (2014) Expansion of urease- and uricase-containing, indole- and p-cresol-forming and contraction of short-chain fatty acid-producing intestinal microbiota in ESRD. Am J Nephrol 39(3):230–237
Comments (0)