Keywords

Hydroxyl carboxylic acid receptor-2

Β-Hydroxybutyrate

Neuroinflammation

Neurometabolic dysfunctions

Chronic pain

Neurodegenerative disorders

Gut-brain axis

AbbreviationsAMPK

AMP-activated protein kinase

APP

amyloid precursor protein

ATGL

adipose triglyceride lipase

BDNF

brain-derived neurotrophic factor

cAMP

adenylyl cyclase and cyclic AMP

CB2

Cannabinoid receptor 2

CD36

Cluster of Differentiation 36

CLP

Cecum ligation and puncture

CNS

Central nervous system

cryo-EM

cryo-electron microscopy

CX3CR1

C-X3-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 1

DSS

Dextran Sulfate Sodium

EAE

experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

ETEC

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

GPCR

Gi/o-protein coupled receptors

GPR109a

Gi/o-protein coupled receptors 109a

GPR109b

Gi/o-protein coupled receptors 109b

GPR81

Gi/o-protein coupled receptors 81

HCAR

hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptors

HCAR1

hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptors type 1

HCAR2

hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptors type 2

HCAR3

hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptors type 3

HDL

High- density lipoprotein

HDL-C

high-density lipoprotein cholesterol

HLS

Hormone-Sensitive Lipase

iNOS

inducible nitric oxide synthase

Keap1

Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1

LDL

low-density lipoprotein

LDL-C

low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

MCP-1

Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1

NAD+

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NEFA

non-esterified fatty acids

NF-κB

Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

NLRP3

NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3

Nrf2

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

PAM

positive allosteric modulator

PPARγ

peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma

ROS

reactive oxygen species

SAR,

structure–activity relationships

SCFAs

short-chain fatty acids

TNFα

Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha

VLDL

very low-density lipoprotein

βHB

β-hydroxy-butyric acid