Luyckx VA, Tonelli M, Stanifer JW. The global burden of kidney disease and the sustainable development goals. Bull World Health Organ. 2018;96(6):414–22.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abramyan S, Hanlon M. Kidney Transplantation. StatPearls. Treasure Island FL ineligible companies. Disclosure: Matthew Hanlon declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.: © 2025, StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 2025.

Çınar C, Türkvatan A. Prevalence of renal vascular variations: Evaluation with MDCT angiography. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2016;97(9):891–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Motoyama D, Ishii Y, Takehara Y, Sugiyama M, Yang W, Nasu H, et al. Four-dimensional phase-contrast vastly undersampled isotropic projection reconstruction (4D PC-VIPR) MR evaluation of the renal arteries in transplant recipients: Preliminary results. J Magnet Resonance Imaging : JMRI. 2017;46(2):595–603.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prevljak S, Prelevic E, Mesic S, Abud OA, Kristic S, Vegar-Zubovic S. Frequency of Acccessory Renal Arteries Diagnosed by Computerized Tomography. Acta inform Med : AIM : J Soc Med Inform Bosnia Herzegovina : casopis Drustva za medicinsku informatiku BiH. 2017;25(3):175–7.

Google Scholar 

Staśkiewicz G, Jajko K, Torres K, Czekajska-Chehab E, Maciejewski R, Drop A. Supernumerary renal vessels: analysis of frequency and configuration in 996 computed tomography studies. Folia Morphol. 2016;75(2):245–50.

Article  Google Scholar 

Arévalo Pérez J, Gragera Torres F, MarínToribio A, KorenFernández L, Hayoun C, Daimiel NI. Angio CT assessment of anatomical variants in renal vasculature: its importance in the living donor. Insights Imaging. 2013;4(2):199–211.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kock MC, Ijzermans JN, Visser K, Hussain SM, Weimar W, Pattynama PM, et al. Contrast-enhanced MR angiography and digital subtraction angiography in living renal donors: diagnostic agreement, impact on decision making, and costs. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;185(2):448–56.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Majos M, Stefańczyk L, Szemraj-Rogucka Z, Elgalal M, De Caro R, Macchi V, et al. Does the type of renal artery anatomic variant determine the diameter of the main vessel supplying a kidney? A study based on CT data with a particular focus on the presence of multiple renal arteries. Surg Radiol Anatom : SRA. 2018;40(4):381–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Palmieri BJ, Petroianu A, Silva LC, Andrade LM, Alberti LR. Study of arterial pattern of 200 renal pedicle through angiotomography. Revista do Colegio Brasileiro de Cirurgioes. 2011;38(2):116–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Macchi V, Crestani A, Porzionato A, Sfriso MM, Morra A, Rossanese M, et al. Anatomical study of renal arterial vasculature and its potential impact on partial nephrectomy. BJU Int. 2017;120(1):83–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aremu A, Igbokwe M, Olatise O, Lawal A, Maduadi K. Anatomical variations of the renal artery: a computerized tomographic angiogram study in living kidney donors at a Nigerian Kidney Transplant Center. Afr Health Sci. 2021;21(3):1155–62.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mishra GP, Bhatnagar S, Singh B. Anatomical Variations of Upper Segmental Renal Artery and Clinical Significance. J Clin Diagnos Res : JCDR. 2015;9(8):AC01-3.

Google Scholar 

Munnusamy K, Kasirajan SP, Gurusamy K, Raghunath G, Bolshetty SL, Chakrabarti S, et al. Variations in Branching Pattern of Renal Artery in Kidney Donors Using CT Angiography. J Clin Diagnos Res : JCDR. 2016;10(3):AC01-3.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Klatte T, Ficarra V, Gratzke C, Kaouk J, Kutikov A, Macchi V, et al. A Literature Review of Renal Surgical Anatomy and Surgical Strategies for Partial Nephrectomy. Eur Urol. 2015;68(6):980–92.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hostiuc S, Rusu MC, Negoi I, Dorobanțu B, Grigoriu M. Anatomical variants of renal veins: A meta-analysis of prevalence. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):10802.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bouali O, Labarre D, Molinier F, Lopez R, Benouaich V, Lauwers F, et al. Anatomic variations of the renal vessels: focus on the precaval right renal artery. Surg Radiol Anatom : SRA. 2012;34(5):441–6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jamkar AA, Khan B, Joshi DS. Anatomical study of renal and accessory renal arteries Saudi journal of kidney diseases and transplantation : an official publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation. Saudi Arabia. 2017;28(2):292–7.

Google Scholar 

Tardo DT, Briggs C, Ahern G, Pitman A, Sinha S. Anatomical variations of the renal arterial vasculature: An Australian perspective. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2017;61(5):643–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cases C, García-Zoghby L, Manzorro P, Valderrama-Canales FJ, Muñoz M, Vidal M, et al. Anatomical variations of the renal arteries: Cadaveric and radiologic study, review of the literature, and proposal of a new classification of clinical interest. Annal Anatom Anatomischer Anzeiger : Off Org Anatomische Gesellschaft. 2017;211:61–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gümüş H, Bükte Y, Ozdemir E, Cetinçakmak MG, Tekbaş G, Ekici F, et al. Variations of renal artery in 820 patients using 64-detector CT-angiography. Ren Fail. 2012;34(3):286–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goetti R, Baumueller S, Alkadhi H, Clavien PA, Schiesser M, Pfammatter T, et al. Diagnostic performance of a non-contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging protocol for potential living related kidney donors. Acad Radiol. 2013;20(4):393–400.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saavedra J. Multislice angiotomography of renal arteries and veins. Ann Radiol Mex. 2004;3(3):169–74.

Google Scholar 

Vincenzi P, Gonzalez J, Guerra G, Gaynor JJ, Alvarez A, Ciancio G. Complex Surgical Reconstruction of Upper Pole Artery in Living-Donor Kidney Transplantation. Ann Transplant. 2021;26:e926850.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Varotti G, Bianchi V, Fontana I. Multiple Arteries Kidney Offer. Urology. 2020;146:e12–3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giovanardi F, Nudo F, Lai Q, Garofalo M, Consolo A, Choppin De Janvry E, et al. Surgical Technique Notes of Arterial Vascular Reconstruction During Kidney Transplantation: Personal Experience and Literature Review. Transplant Proceed. 2019;51(1):128–31.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hwang JK, Kim SD, Park SC, Choi BS, Kim JI, Yang CW, et al. The long-term outcomes of transplantation of kidneys with multiple renal arteries. Transpl Proc. 2010;42(10):4053–7.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tomić A, Milović N, Marjanović I, Bjelanović Z, Leković I, Micković S, et al. Different techniques of vessel reconstruction during kidney transplantation. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2015;72(7):614–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Choudhary D, Vijayvergiya R, Kishore K, Subramani VN, Banoth M, Reddy Perugu SP, et al. Vascular Reconstruction of Multiple Renal Arteries-A Risk Factor for Transplant Renal Artery Stenosis: Insight From a Matched Case-Control Study. Transplant Int : Off J Eur Soc Org Transplant. 2024;37:13298.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hevia V, Gómez V, Hevia M, Lorca J, Santiago M, López-Plaza J, et al. Troubleshooting Complex Vascular Cases in the Kidney Graft: Multiple Vessels, Aneurysms, and Injuries During Harvesting Procedures. Curr Urol Rep. 2020;21(1):5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heylen L, Pirenne J, Samuel U, Tieken I, Naesens M, Sprangers B, et al. The Impact of Anastomosis Time During Kidney Transplantation on Graft Loss: A Eurotransplant Cohort Study. Am J Transplant Off J Am Soc Transplant Am Soc Transplant Surg. 2017;17(3):724–32.

CAS  Google Scholar 

He B, Mou L, Mitchell A, Delriviere L. Meticulous use of techniques for reconstruction of multiple renal arteries in live donor kidney transplantation. Transpl Proc. 2013;45(4):1396–8.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Weissenbacher A, Oberhuber R, Cardini B, Weiss S, Ulmer H, Bösmüller C, et al. The faster the better: anastomosis time influences patient survival after deceased donor kidney transplantation. Transplant Int : Off J Eur Soc Org Transplant. 2015;28(5):535–43.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sutherland RS, Spees EK, Jones JW, Fink DW. Renal artery stenosis after renal transplantation: the impact of the hypogastric artery anastomosis. J Urol. 1993;149(5):980–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lauterio A, De Carlis R, Di Sandro S, Ferla F, Giacomoni A, Rossetti O, et al. Bovine pericardium for multiple artery reconstruction in kidney transplantation. Transplant Int : Off J Eur Soc Org Transplant. 2017;30(12):1292–3.

Article  Google Scholar 

He B, Mitchell A. A novel technique for reconstruction of multiple renal arteries in live donor kidney transplantation: a case report and literature review. Transpl Proc. 2012;44(10):3055–8.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Osman Y, Shokeir A, Ali-el-Dein B, Tantawy M, Wafa EW, el-Dein AB, et al. Vascular complications after live donor renal transplantation: study of risk factors and effects on graft and patient survival. J Urol. 2003;169(3):859–62.

Article  PubMed