Brauer, M. et al. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 403, 2162–2203 (2024).

Article  Google Scholar 

Bikbov, B. et al. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 395, 709–733 (2020).

Article  Google Scholar 

Jha, V. et al. Global economic burden associated with chronic kidney disease: a pragmatic review of medical costs for the Inside CKD research programme. Adv. Ther. 40, 4405–4420 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases#cms (2024).

Vanholder, R. et al. Reducing the costs of chronic kidney disease while delivering quality health care: a call to action. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 13, 393–409 (2017).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lanewala, A. A. A. & Shekhani, S. S. Indirect costs associated with “free” paediatric haemodialysis: experience from Karachi, Pakistan. Indian J. Med. Ethics 8, 13–23 (2023).

Article  Google Scholar 

Vanholder, R. et al. Inequities in kidney health and kidney care. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 19, 694–708 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ashuntantang, G. et al. Outcomes in adults and children with end-stage kidney disease requiring dialysis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Lancet. Glob. Health 5, e408–e417 (2017).

Google Scholar 

SDG 3.8.2 Catastrophic health spending (and related indicators). https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/financial-protection/GHO/financial-protection

Essue, B. M. et al. Economic Burden of Chronic Ill Health and Injuries for Households in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 9): Improving Health and Reducing Poverty 121–143 (2017)

Halle, M. P. et al. Cost of care for patients on maintenance haemodialysis in public facilities in Cameroon. Afr. J. Nephrol. 20, 230–237 (2017).

Google Scholar 

Reddy, S., Scholes-Robertson, N., Raj, J. M. & Pais, P. Catastrophic healthcare expenditure and caregiver burden in pediatric chronic kidney disease — a mixed methods study from a low resource setting. Pediatr. Nephrol. 39, 3079–3093 (2024).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sangthawan, P. et al. The hidden financial catastrophe of chronic kidney disease under universal coverage and Thai “peritoneal dialysis first policy”. Front. Public Health 10, 965808 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bradshaw, C. et al. Paying for hemodialysis in Kerala, India: a description of household financial hardship in the context of medical subsidy. Kidney Int. Rep. 4, 390–398 (2018).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Paffett, M. et al. Economic evaluation of an integrated care program compared to conventional care for patients with chronic kidney disease in rural communities of Thailand. Kidney Int. Rep. 9, 2546–2558 (2024).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar