Liu J, Li Y, Liu Q, Yao Q, Wang X, Zhang H, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell tropism and multiorgan infection. Cell Discov. 2021;7(1):17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-021-00249-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stein SR, Ramelli SC, Grazioli A, Chung JY, Singh M, Yinda CK, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistence in the human body and brain at autopsy. Nature. 2022;612(7941):758–63. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05542-y.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Krause PR, Fleming TR, Longini IM, Peto R, Briand S, Heymann DL, et al. SARS-CoV-2 variants and vaccines. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(2):179–86. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsr2105280.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yan Y, Diao B, Liu Y, Zhang W, Wang G, Chen X. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 nucleocapsid protein in the ocular tissues of a patient previously infected with coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020;138(11):1201–4. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.3962.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Donnell KL, Gourdine T, Fletcher P, Clancy CS, Marzi A. Protection from COVID-19 with a VSV-based vaccine expressing the spike and nucleocapsid proteins. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1025500. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1025500.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Park BK, Kim J, Park S, Kim D, Kim M, Baek K, et al. MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 replication can be inhibited by targeting the interaction between the viral spike protein and the nucleocapsid protein. Theranostics. 2021;11(8):3853–67. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.55647.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dangi T, Sanchez S, Class J, Richner M, Visvabharathy L, Chung YR, et al. Improved control of SARS-CoV-2 by treatment with a nucleocapsid-specific monoclonal antibody. J Clin Invest. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci162282.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Höppner J, Maier C, Schlegtendal A, Hoffmann A, Petersmann A, Lücke T, et al. Long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in a population-based pediatric cohort. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):2921. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-84140-6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Luo YW, Zhou JP, Ji H, Xu D, Zheng A, Wang X, et al. SARS-CoV-2 N protein-induced dicer, XPO5, SRSF3, and hnRNPA3 downregulation causes pneumonia. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):6964. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51192-1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bouwman P, Jonkers J. The effects of deregulated DNA damage signalling on cancer chemotherapy response and resistance. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12(9):587–98. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3342.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Curtin NJ. DNA repair dysregulation from cancer driver to therapeutic target. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12(12):801–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3399.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goldstein M, Kastan MB. The DNA damage response: implications for tumor responses to radiation and chemotherapy. Annu Rev Med. 2015;66:129–43. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-081313-121208.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Connor MJ. Targeting the DNA damage response in cancer. Mol Cell. 2015;60(4):547–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2015.10.040.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tang KF, Ren H, Cao J, Zeng GL, Xie J, Chen M, et al. Decreased Dicer expression elicits DNA damage and up-regulation of MICA and MICB. J Cell Biol. 2008;182(2):233–9. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200801169.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang M, Chen S, Wei Y, Wei X. DNA-PK inhibition by M3814 enhances chemosensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2021;11(12):3935–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2021.07.029.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gioia U, Tavella S, Martínez-Orellana P, Cicio G, Colliva A, Ceccon M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces DNA damage, through CHK1 degradation and impaired 53BP1 recruitment, and cellular senescence. Nat Cell Biol. 2023;25(4):550–64. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-023-01096-x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Glen NB. STING: infection, inflammation and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15(12):760–70. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3921.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Liu D, Liang S, Ma K, Meng QF, Li X, Wei J, et al. Tumor microenvironment-responsive nanoparticles amplifying STING signaling pathway for cancer immunotherapy. Adv Mater. 2024;36(6): e2304845. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202304845.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao Y, Thomas HD, Batey MA, Cowell IG, Richardson CJ, Griffin RJ, et al. Preclinical evaluation of a potent novel DNA-dependent protein kinase inhibitor NU7441. Cancer Res. 2006;66(10):5354–62. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.Can-05-4275.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Drapkin BJ, George J, Christensen CL, Mino-Kenudson M, Dries R, Sundaresan T, et al. Genomic and functional fidelity of small cell lung cancer patient-derived xenografts. Cancer Discov. 2018;8(5):600–15. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.Cd-17-0935.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou S, Lai M, Tang S, Liu W, Shen M, Peng Z. Estimating cumulative infection rate of COVID-19 after adjusting the dynamic zero-COVID policy in China. Infect Dis Model. 2025;10(2):429–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idm.2024.12.012.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. World Health Organization. 2025.

Liu X, Ren Z, Tan C, Núñez-Santana FL, Kelly ME, Yan Y, et al. Inducible CCR2+ nonclassical monocytes mediate the regression of cancer metastasis. J Clin Invest. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci179527.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Meo C, Palma G, Bruzzese F, Budillon A, Napoli C, de Nigris F. Spontaneous cancer remission after COVID-19: insights from the pandemic and their relevance for cancer treatment. J Transl Med. 2023;21(1):273. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-023-04110-w.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sousa LG, McGrail DJ, Li K, Marques-Piubelli ML, Gonzalez C, Dai H, et al. Spontaneous tumor regression following COVID-19 vaccination. J Immunother Cancer. 2022;10(3):e004371. https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-004371.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Choong OK, Jakobsson R, Bergdahl AG, Brunet S, Kärmander A, Waldenström J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 replicates and displays oncolytic properties in clear cell and papillary renal cell carcinoma. PLoS One. 2023;18(1): e0279578. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279578.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ottaiano A, Scala S, D’Alterio C, Trotta A, Bello A, Rea G, et al. Unexpected tumor reduction in metastatic colorectal cancer patients during SARS-Cov-2 infection. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2021;13:17588359211011456. https://doi.org/10.1177/17588359211011455.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sollini M, Gelardi F, Carlo-Stella C, Chiti A. Complete remission of follicular lymphoma after SARS-CoV-2 infection: from the “flare phenomenon” to the “abscopal effect.” Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48(8):2652–4.