Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dyck PJ, Freeman R, Horowitz M, Kempler P, Lauria G, Malik RA, Spallone V, Vinik A. Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, Estimation of severity, and treatments. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2285–93.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Duby JJ, Campbell RK, Setter SM, White JR, Rasmussen KA. Diabetic neuropathy: an intensive review. Am J Health-System Pharm. 2004;61:160–73.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Vinik AI. Diabetic neuropathy: pathogenesis and therapy. Am J Med. 1999;107:17–26.

Article  Google Scholar 

Perkins BA, Greene DA, Bril V. Glycemic control is related to the morphological severity of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:748–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vincent AM, Brownlee M, Russell JW. Oxidative stress and programmed cell death in diabetic neuropathy. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;959:368–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tesfaye S. Recent advances in the management of diabetic distal symmetrical polyneuropathy. J Diabetes Invest. 2011;2:33–42.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tesfaye S, Selvarajah D. Advances in the epidemiology, pathogenesis and management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diab/Metab Res Rev. 2012;28:8–14.

Article  Google Scholar 

Langley PC, Van Litsenburg C, Cappelleri JC, Carroll D. The burden associated with neuropathic pain in Western Europe. J Med Econ. 2013;16:85–95.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Doth AH, Hansson PT, Jensen MP, Taylor RS. The burden of neuropathic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of health utilities. Pain. 2010;149:338–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McDermott AM, Toelle TR, Rowbotham DJ, Schaefer CP, Dukes EM. The burden of neuropathic pain: results from a cross-sectional survey. Eur J Pain. 2006;10:127–35.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Attal N, Lanteri-Minet M, Laurent B, Fermanian J, Bouhassira D. The specific disease burden of neuropathic pain: results of a French nationwide survey. Pain. 2011;152:2836–43.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

D’Souza RS, Barman R, Joseph A, Abd-Elsayed A. Evidence-based treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: a systematic review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2022;26:583–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-022-01061-7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Medeiros Dantas J, de Jesus Oliveira M, Silva LAO, Batista S, Dagostin CS, Schachter DC. Monotherapy versus combination therapy in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Drug Investig. 2023;43:905–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40261-023-01318-y.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hernando-Garijo I, Medrano-de-la-Fuente R, Mingo-Gómez MT, Lahuerta Martín S, Ceballos-Laita L, Jiménez-Del-Barrio S. Effects of exercise therapy on diabetic neuropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiother Theory Pract. 2023;1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2023.2227975.

Bai Y, Ma JH, Yu Y, Wang ZW. Effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy or mindfulness therapy on pain and quality of life in patients with diabetic neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain Manage Nurs. 2022;23:861–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2022.05.005.

Article  Google Scholar 

Li X, Liu Y, Jing Z, Fan B, Pan W, Mao S, Han Y. Effects of acupuncture therapy in diabetic neuropathic pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med. 2023;78:102992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2023.102992.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62:1006–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Busse JWBS, Dougados M, Johnston BC, Guyatt GH, Kirwan JR, Kwoh K, Maxwell LJ, Moore A, Singh JA, Stevens R, Strand V, Suarez-Almazor ME, Tugwell P, Wells GA. Optimal strategies for reporting pain in clinical trials and systematic reviews: recommendations from an OMERACT 12 workshop. J Rheumatol. 2015;42:1962–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nash J, Armour M, Penkala S. Acupuncture for the treatment of lower limb diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review. Acupunct Med. 2019;37:3–15. https://doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2018-011666.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen M, Yang GY, Liu B, Manheimer E, Liu J. Manual acupuncture for treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e73764. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073764.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jiang HL, Jia P, Fan YH, Li MD, Cao CC, Li Y, Du YZ. Manual acupuncture or combination with vitamin B to treat diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:4809125. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4809125.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liampas A, Rekatsina M, Vadalouca A, Paladini A, Varrassi G, Zis P. Non-pharmacological management of painful peripheral neuropathies: a systematic review. Adv Therapy. 2020;37:4096–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-020-01462-3.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dimitrova A, Murchison C, Oken B. Acupuncture for the treatment of peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Altern Complement Med. 2017;23:164–79. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2016.0155.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Turk DC, Dworkin RH, Revicki D, Harding G, Burke LB, Cella D, Cleeland CS, Cowan P, Farrar JT, Hertz S, Max MB, Rappaport BA. Identifying important outcome domains for chronic pain clinical trials: an IMMPACT survey of people with pain. Pain. 2008;137:276–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2007.09.002.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Turk DCDR, Allen RR, et al. Core outcome domains for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain. 2003;106:337–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Juni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, Savovic J, Schulz KF, Weeks L, Sterne JA. Cochrane bias methods G, Cochrane statistical methods G. The Cochrane collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d5928. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5928.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Akl EA, Sun X, Busse JW, Johnston BC, Briel M, Mulla S, You JJ, Bassler D, Lamontagne F, Vera C, Alshurafa M, Katsios CM, Heels-Ansdell D, Zhou Q, Mills E, Guyatt GH. Specific instructions for estimating unclearly reported blinding status in randomized trials were reliable and valid. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012;65:262–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.04.015.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thorlund K, Walter SD, Johnston BC, Furukawa TA, Guyatt GH. Pooling health-related quality of life outcomes in meta-analysis-a tutorial and review of methods for enhancing interpretability. Res Synth Methods. 2011;2:188–203. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.46.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Wyrwich KW, Beaton D, Cleeland CS, Farrar JT, Haythornthwaite JA, Jensen MP, Kerns RD, Ader DN, Brandenburg N, Burke LB, Cella D, Chandler J, Cowan P, Dimitrova R, Dionne R, Hertz S, Jadad AR, Katz NP, Kehlet H, Kramer LD, Manning DC, McCormick C, McDermott MP, McQuay HJ, Patel S, Porter L, Quessy S, Rappaport BA, Rauschkolb C, Revicki DA, Rothman M, Schmader KE, Stacey BR, Stauffer JW, von Stein T, White RE, Witter J, Zavisic S. Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. J Pain. 2008;9:105–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2007.09.005.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Devji T, Carrasco-Labra A, King MT, Terluin B, Terwee CB, Walsh M, Furukawa TA, Guyatt GH. A step-by-step approach for selecting an optimal minimal important difference. BMJ. 2023;381:e073822. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2022-073822.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vinik A, Emir B, Cheung R, Whalen E. Relationship between pain relief and improvements in patient function/quality of life in patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy or postherpetic neuralgia treated with Pregabalin. Clin Ther. 2013;35:612–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.03.008.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 5. In: Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. 1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration; 2011.

Schandelmaier S, Briel M, Varadhan R, Schmid CH, Devasenapathy N, Hayward RA, Gagnier J, Borenstein M, van der Heijden G, Dahabreh