Rikard SM, Strahan AE, Schmit KM, et al. Chronic pain among Adults — United States, 2019–2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72:379–85. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7215a1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lucas JW, Sohi I. Chronic pain and High-impact chronic pain in U.S. Adults, 2023. NCHS Data Brief. 2024;518(CS355235). https://doi.org/10.15620/CDC/169630.

Dydyk AM, Conermann T, Chronic Pain. [Updated 2024 May 6]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553030/

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2019, May). Pain Management Best Practices Inter-Agency Task Force Report: Updates, Gaps, Inconsistencies, and Recommendations. Retrieved from U. S. Department of Health and Human Services website: https://www.hhs.gov/ash/advisory-committees/pain/reports/index.html

Gaskin DJ, Richard P. The economic costs of pain in the united States. J Pain. 2012;13(8):715–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2012.03.009.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Verrills P, Sinclair C, Barnard A. A review of spinal cord stimulation systems for chronic pain. J Pain Res. 2016;9:481–92. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S108884. Published 2016 Jul 1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Caylor J, Reddy R, Yin S, et al. Spinal cord stimulation in chronic pain: evidence and theory for mechanisms of action. Bioelectron Med. 2019;5:12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-019-0023-1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garcia K, Wray JK, Kumar S. Spinal Cord Stimulation. [Updated 2023 Apr 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553154/

Ong Sio LC, Hom B, Garg S, et al. Mechanism of action of peripheral nerve stimulation for chronic pain: A narrative review. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(5):4540. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054540. Published 2023 Feb 25.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang TC, Janik JJ, Peters RV, et al. Spinal sensory projection neuron responses to spinal cord stimulation are mediated by circuits beyond gate control. Circuits beyond gate control mediate spinal sensory projection neuron responses to spinal cord stimulation. J Neurophysiol. 2015;114(1):284–300. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00147.2015.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sdrulla AD, Guan Y, Raja SN. Spinal cord stimulation: clinical efficacy and potential mechanisms. Pain Pract. 2018;18(8):1048–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.12692.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tieppo Francio V, Polston KF, Murphy MT, Hagedorn JM, Sayed D. Management of chronic and neuropathic pain with 10 khz spinal cord stimulation technology: summary of findings from preclinical and clinical studies. Biomedicines. 2021;9(6):644. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9060644. Published 2021 Jun 4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chakravarthy K, Fishman MA, Zuidema X, et al. Mechanism of action in burst spinal cord stimulation: review and recent advances. Pain Med. 2019;20(Suppl 1):S13–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnz073.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dones I, Levi V. Spinal Cord Stimulation for Neuropathic Pain: Current Trends and Future Applications. Brain Sci. 2018;8(8):138. Published 2018 Jul 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8080138

Dey S, Guthmiller KB, Varacallo M. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. [Updated 2023 Aug 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430719/

Pollard EM, Lamer TJ, Moeschler SM, et al. The effect of spinal cord stimulation on pain medication reduction in intractable spine and limb pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis. J Pain Res. 2019;12:1311–24. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S186662. Published 2019 Apr 30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Harnik MA, Kesselring P, Ott A, et al. Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and the value of early detection. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2023;27(9):417–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-023-01124-3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Petersen EA, Stauss TG, Scowcroft JA, et al. High-Frequency 10-kHz spinal cord stimulation provides Long-term (24-Month) improvements in Diabetes-Related pain and quality of life for patients with painful diabetic neuropathy. J Diabetes Sci Technol Published Online Oct. 2024;6. https://doi.org/10.1177/19322968241268547.

Thapa P, Euasobhon P. Chronic postsurgical pain: current evidence for prevention and management. Korean J Pain. 2018;31(3):155–73. https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.2018.31.3.155.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gupta M, Scowcroft J, Kloster D, et al. 10-kHz spinal cord stimulation for chronic postsurgical pain: results from a 12-Month prospective, multicenter study. Pain Pract. 2020;20(8):908–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.12929.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Amirdelfan K, Vallejo R, Benyamin R, et al. High-Frequency spinal cord stimulation at 10 khz for the treatment of combined neck and arm pain: results from a prospective multicenter study. Neurosurgery. 2020;87(2):176–85. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyz495.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Motov S, Aftahy K, Jörger AK, et al. High-frequency spinal cord stimulation in failed back surgery syndrome patients with predominant low back pain-single-center experience. Neurosurg Rev. 2021;44(5):2809–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-020-01462-5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Al-Kaisy A, Van Buyten JP, Amirdelfan K, et al. Opioid-sparing effects of 10 khz spinal cord stimulation: a review of clinical evidence. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2020;1462(1):53–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14236.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shanthanna H, Eldabe S, Provenzano DA, et al. Evidence-based consensus guidelines on patient selection and trial stimulation for spinal cord stimulation therapy for chronic non-cancer pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2023;48(6):273–87. https://doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2022-104097.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Buonanno P, Marra A, Iacovazzo C et al. The PATIENT Approach: A New Bundle for the Management of Chronic Pain. J Pers Med. 2023;13(11):1551. Published 2023 Oct 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13111551

Reddy RD, Moheimani R, Yu GG, et al. A review of clinical data on salvage therapy in spinal cord stimulation. Neuromodulation. 2020;23(5):562–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13067.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rigoard P, Ounajim A, Goudman L, et al. The challenge of converting failed spinal cord stimulation syndrome back to clinical success, using SCS reprogramming as salvage therapy, through neurostimulation adapters combined with 3D-Computerized pain mapping assessment: A real life retrospective study. J Clin Med. 2022;11(1):272. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11010272. Published 2022 Jan 5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hariharan V, Harland TA, Young C, et al. Machine learning in spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2023;25(2):112–6. https://doi.org/10.1227/ons.0000000000000774.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hagedorn JM, George TK, Aiyer R, et al. Artificial intelligence and pain medicine: an introduction. J Pain Res. 2024;17:509–18. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S429594. Published 2024 Feb 2.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Joosten EA, Franken G. Spinal cord stimulation in chronic neuropathic pain: mechanisms of action, new locations, new paradigms. Pain. 2020;161(1):S104–13. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001854.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rajapakse T, Kirton A. Brain stimulation applications in pediatric headache and pain disorders. Elsevier eBooks. Published Online January. 2016;1:375–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-802001-2.00018-7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mendell LM. Constructing and deconstructing the gate theory of pain. Pain. 2014;155(2):210–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2013.12.010.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Comitato A, Bardoni R. Presynaptic Inhibition of pain and touch in the spinal cord: from receptors to circuits. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(1):414. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010414. Published 2021 Jan 2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gildenberg PL. History of electrical neuromodulation for chronic pain: table 1. Pain Med. 2006;7(suppl 1):S7–13.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00118.x.

Article  Google Scholar 

Vervaat FE, van der Gaag A, Teeuwen K, van Suijlekom H, Wijnbergen I. Neuromodulation in patients with refractory angina pectoris: a review. Eur Heart J Open. 2022;3(1):oeac083. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjopen/oeac083. Published 2022 Dec 22.