Alexander G. Die Ohrenkrankheiten im Kindesalter. In: Handbuch der Kinderheilkunde, edited by Schlossmann A. Leipzig, Germany: Vogel, 1912, pp. 84– 96.

Leigh RJ, Zee DS. The neurology of Eye Movements. 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2015.

Book  Google Scholar 

Hegemann S, Straumann D, Bockisch C. Alexander’s law in patients with acute vestibular tone asymmetry–evidence for multiple horizontal neural integrators. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol. 2007;8:551–61.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Robinson DA, Zee DS, Hain TC, Holmes A, Rosenberg LF. Alexander’s law: its behavior and origin in the human vestibulo-ocular reflex. Ann Neurol. 1984;16:714–22.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Khojasteh E, Bockisch CJ, Straumann D, Hegemann SC. A mechanism for eye position effects on spontaneous nystagmus. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2012;2012:3572–5.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Doslak MJ, Dell’Osso LF, Daroff RB. A model of Alexander’s law of vestibular nystagmus. Biol Cybern. 1979;34:181–6.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bockisch CJ, Khojasteh E, Straumann D, Hegemann SC. Development of eye position dependency of slow phase velocity during caloric stimulation. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e51409.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Shin BS, Oh SY, Kim JS, Lee H, Kim EJ, Hwang SB. Upbeat nystagmus changes to downbeat nystagmus with upward gaze in a patient with Wernicke’s encephalopathy. J Neurol Sci. 2010;298:145–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Newman-Toker DE, Kerber KA, Hsieh YH, Pula JH, Omron R, Saber Tehrani AS, et al. HINTS outperforms ABCD2 to screen for stroke in acute continuous vertigo and dizziness. Acad Emerg Med. 2013;20:986–96.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mantokoudis G, Korda A, Zee DS, Zamaro E, Sauter TC, Wagner F, et al. Bruns’ nystagmus revisited: a sign of stroke in patients with the acute vestibular syndrome. Eur J Neurol. 2021;28:2971–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lädrach C, Zee DS, Wyss T, Wimmer W, Korda A, Salmina C, et al. Alexander’s Law during High-Speed, Yaw-Axis Rotation: adaptation or saturation? Front Neurol. 2020;11:604502.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Choi JH, Oh EH, Choi SY, Kim HJ, Lee SK, Choi JY, et al. Vestibular impairments in episodic ataxia type 2. J Neurol. 2022;269:2687–95.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Glasauer S. Cerebellar contribution to saccades and gaze holding: a modeling approach. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;1004:206–19.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zee DS, Leigh RJ, Mathieu-Millaire F. Cerebellar control of ocular gaze stability. Ann Neurol. 1980;7:37–40.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

HODGKIN AL, HUXLEY AF. A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. J Physiol. 1952;117:500–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaila K, Price TJ, Payne JA, Puskarjov M, Voipio J. Cation-chloride cotransporters in neuronal development, plasticity and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014;15:637–54.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Person AL, Raman IM. Purkinje neuron synchrony elicits time-locked spiking in the cerebellar nuclei. Nature. 2011;481:502–5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bockisch CJ, Hegemann S. Alexander’s law and the oculomotor neural integrator: three-dimensional eye velocity in patients with an acute vestibular asymmetry. J Neurophysiol. 2008;100:3105–16.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Godaux E, Cheron G. The hypothesis of the uniqueness of the oculomotor neural integrator: direct experimental evidence in the cat. J Physiol. 1996;492:517–27.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Arnold DB, Robinson DA. The oculomotor integrator: testing of a neural network model. Exp Brain Res. 1997;113:57–74.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dale A, Cullen KE. The nucleus prepositus predominantly outputs eye movement-related information during passive and active self-motion. J Neurophysiol. 2013;109:1900–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McConville K, Tomlinson RD, King WM, Paige G, Na EQ. Eye position signals in the vestibular nuclei: consequences for models of integrator function. J Vestib Res. 1994;4:391–400.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

McFarland JL, Fuchs AF. Discharge patterns in nucleus prepositus hypoglossi and adjacent medial vestibular nucleus during horizontal eye movement in behaving macaques. J Neurophysiol. 1992;68:319–32.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sylvestre PA, Choi JT, Cullen KE. Discharge dynamics of oculomotor neural integrator neurons during conjugate and disjunctive saccades and fixation. J Neurophysiol. 2003;90:739–54.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leech J, Gresty M, Hess K, Rudge P. Gaze failure, drifting eye movements, and centripetal nystagmus in cerebellar disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 1977;61:774–881.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Barton JJ, Sharpe JA. Oscillopsia and horizontal nystagmus with accelerating slow phases following lumbar puncture in the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Ann Neurol. 1993;33:418–21.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Leigh RJ, Thurston SE, Tomsak RL, Grossman GE, Lanska DJ. Effect of monocular visual loss upon stability of gaze. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1989;30:288–92.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Leigh RJ, Zee DS. Eye movements of the blind. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1980;19:328–31.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Schneider RM, Thurtell MJ, Eisele S, Lincoff N, Bala E, Leigh RJ. Neurological basis for eye movements of the blind. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e56556.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Choi KD, Oh SY, Park SH, Kim HJ, Koo JW, Kim JS. Head-shaking nystagmus in lateral medullary infarction: patterns and possible mechanisms. Neurology. 2007;68:1337–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee SU, Park SH, Park JJ, Kim HJ, Han MK, Bae HJ, et al. Dorsal medullary infarction: distinct syndrome of isolated Central Vestibulopathy. Stroke. 2015;46:3081–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kamath RY, Keller EL. A neurological integrator for the oculomotor control system. Math Biosci. 1976;30:341–52.

Article  Google Scholar 

Beh SC, Frohman TC, Frohman EM. Cerebellar control of Eye Movements. J Neuroophthalmol. 2017;37:87–98.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Straube A, Kurzan R, Büttner U. Differential effects of bicuculline and muscimol microinjections into the vestibular nuclei on simian eye movements. Exp Brain Res. 1991;86:347–58.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Arnold DB, Robinson DA, Leigh RJ. Nystagmus induced by pharmacological inactivation of the brainstem ocular motor integrator in monkey. Vis Res. 1999;39:4286–95.

Article  PubMed