Saito M, Hirota T, Sakamoto Y, Adachi M, Takahashi M, Osato-Kaneda A, Kim YS, Leventhal B, Shui A, Kato S, Nakamura K. Prevalence and cumulative incidence of autism spectrum disorders and the patterns of co-occurring neurodevelopmental disorders in a total population sample of 5-year-old children. Mol Autism. 2020;11:35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-020-00342-5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brentani H, Paula CSD, Bordini D, Rolim D, Sato F, Portolese J, Pacifico MC, McCracken JT. Autism spectrum disorders: an overview on diagnosis and treatment. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2013;35:S62–72. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2013-S104.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Newschaffer CJ, Curran LK. Autism: an emerging public health problem. Public Health Rep. 2003;118:393–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/phr/118.5.393.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Benkarim O, Paquola C, Park B, Hong S-J, Royer J, De Wael V, Lariviere R, Valk S, Bzdok S, Mottron D, Bernhardt LC, B. Connectivity alterations in autism reflect functional idiosyncrasy. Commun Biol. 2021;4:1078. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02572-6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Holiga Š, Hipp JF, Chatham CH, Garces P, Spooren W, D’Ardhuy XL, Bertolino A, Bouquet C, Buitelaar JK, Bours C, Rausch A, Oldehinkel M, Bouvard M, Amestoy A, Caralp M, Gueguen S, Ly-Le Moal M, Houenou J, Beckmann CF, Loth E, Murphy D, Charman T, Tillmann J, Laidi C, Delorme R, Beggiato A, Gaman A, Scheid I, Leboyer M, d’Albis M-A, Sevigny J, Czech C, Bolognani F, Honey GD, Dukart J. Patients with autism spectrum disorders display reproducible functional connectivity alterations. Sci Transl Med. 2019;11:eaat9223. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aat9223.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guilmatre A, Huguet G, Delorme R, Bourgeron T. The emerging role of SHANK genes in neuropsychiatric disorders. Dev Neurobiol. 2014;74:113–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22128.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jamain S, Quach H, Betancur C, Råstam M, Colineaux C, Gillberg IC, Soderstrom H, Giros B, Leboyer M, Gillberg C, Bourgeron T, Paris Autism Research International Sibpair Study. Mutations of the X-linked genes encoding neuroligins NLGN3 and NLGN4 are associated with autism. Nat Genet. 2003;34:27–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1136.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Assaf M, Jagannathan K, Calhoun VD, Miller L, Stevens MC, Sahl R, O’Boyle JG, Schultz RT, Pearlson GD. Abnormal functional connectivity of default mode sub-networks in autism spectrum disorder patients. NeuroImage. 2010;53:247–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.067.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Murphy CM, Christakou A, Giampietro V, Brammer M, Daly EM, Ecker C, Johnston P, Spain D, Robertson DM, Consortium MRCAIMS, Murphy DG, Rubia K. Abnormal functional activation and maturation of ventromedial prefrontal cortex and cerebellum during temporal discounting in autism spectrum disorder. Hum Brain Mapp. 2017;38:5343–55. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23718.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schmahmann J. The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. Brain. 1998;121:561–79. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/121.4.561.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sereno MI, Diedrichsen J, Tachrount M, Testa-Silva G, d’Arceuil H, De Zeeuw C. The human cerebellum has almost 80% of the surface area of the neocortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117:19538–43. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002896117.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kelly RM, Strick PL. Cerebellar loops with motor cortex and prefrontal cortex of a nonhuman primate. J Neurosci. 2003;23:8432–44. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-23-08432.2003.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fatemi SH, Aldinger KA, Ashwood P, Bauman ML, Blaha CD, Blatt GJ, Chauhan A, Chauhan V, Dager SR, Dickson PE, Estes AM, Goldowitz D, Heck DH, Kemper TL, King BH, Martin LA, Millen KJ, Mittleman G, Mosconi MW, Persico AM, Sweeney JA, Webb SJ, Welsh JP. Consensus Paper: pathological role of the Cerebellum in Autism. Cerebellum. 2012;11:777–807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-012-0355-9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Elandaloussi Y, Floris DL, Coupé P, Duchesnay E, Mihailov A, Grigis A, Bègue I, Victor J, Frouin V, Leboyer M, Houenou J, Laidi C. Understanding the relationship between cerebellar structure and social abilities. Mol Autism. 2023;14:18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-023-00551-8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

D’Mello AM, Stoodley CJ. Cerebro-cerebellar circuits in autism spectrum disorder. Front Neurosci. 2015;9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2015.00408.

Wang SS-H, Kloth AD, Badura A. The Cerebellum, sensitive periods, and Autism. Neuron. 2014;83:518–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.016.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jobski K, Höfer J, Hoffmann F, Bachmann C. Use of psychotropic drugs in patients with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017;135:8–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12644.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Loth E, Charman T, Mason L, Tillmann J, Jones EJH, Wooldridge C, Ahmad J, Auyeung B, Brogna C, Ambrosino S, Banaschewski T, Baron-Cohen S, Baumeister S, Beckmann C, Brammer M, Brandeis D, Bölte S, Bourgeron T, Bours C, de Bruijn Y, Chakrabarti B, Crawley D, Cornelissen I, Acqua FD, Dumas G, Durston S, Ecker C, Faulkner J, Frouin V, Garces P, Goyard D, Hayward H, Ham LM, Hipp J, Holt RJ, Johnson MH, Isaksson J, Kundu P, Lai M-C, D’ardhuy XL, Lombardo MV, Lythgoe DJ, Mandl R, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Moessnang C, Mueller N, O’Dwyer L, Oldehinkel M, Oranje B, Pandina G, Persico AM, Ruigrok ANV, Ruggeri B, Sabet J, Sacco R, Cáceres ASJ, Simonoff E, Toro R, Tost H, Waldman J, Williams SCR, Zwiers MP, Spooren W, Murphy DGM, Buitelaar JK. The EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP): design and methodologies to identify and validate stratification biomarkers for autism spectrum disorders. Mol Autism. 2017;8:24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-017-0146-8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bhattacharya A, Mrudula K, Sreepada SS, Sathyaprabha TN, Pal PK, Chen R, Udupa K. An overview of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation: Basic principles and clinical applications. Can J Neurol Sci. 2022;49:479–92. https://doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2021.158.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brunoni AR, Amadera J, Berbel B, Volz MS, Rizzerio BG, Fregni F. A systematic review on reporting and assessment of adverse effects associated with transcranial direct current stimulation. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;14:1133–45. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1461145710001690.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lefaucheur J-P, Antal A, Ayache SS, Benninger DH, Brunelin J, Cogiamanian F, Cotelli M, De Ridder D, Ferrucci R, Langguth B, Marangolo P, Mylius V, Nitsche MA, Padberg F, Palm U, Poulet E, Priori A, Rossi S, Schecklmann M, Vanneste S, Ziemann U, Garcia-Larrea L, Paulus W. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128:56–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.10.087.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stagg CJ, Antal A, Nitsche MA. Physiology of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. J ECT. 2018;34:144–52. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCT.0000000000000510.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu A, Vöröslakos M, Kronberg G, Henin S, Krause MR, Huang Y, Opitz A, Mehta A, Pack CC, Krekelberg B, Berényi A, Parra LC, Melloni L, Devinsky O, Buzsáki G. Immediate neurophysiological effects of transcranial electrical stimulation. Nat Commun. 2018;9:5092. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07233-7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Brunoni AR, Nitsche MA, Bolognini N, Bikson M, Wagner T, Merabet L, Edwards DJ, Valero-Cabre A, Rotenberg A, Pascual-Leone A, Ferrucci R, Priori A, Boggio PS, Fregni F. Clinical research with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): challenges and future directions. Brain Stimul. 2012;5:175–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2011.03.002.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cole EJ, Phillips AL, Bentzley BS, Stimpson KH, Nejad R, Barmak F, Veerapal C, Khan N, Cherian K, Felber E, Brown R, Choi E, King S, Pankow H, Bishop JH, Azeez A, Coetzee J, Rapier R, Odenwald N, Carreon D, Hawkins J, Chang M, Keller J, Raj K, DeBattista C, Jo B, Espil FM, Schatzberg AF, Sudheimer KD, Williams NR. Stanford Neuromodulation Therapy (SNT): a double-blind randomized controlled trial. AJP. 2022;179:132–41. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20101429.

Article  Google Scholar 

Guttesen LL, Albert N, Nordentoft M, Hjorthøj C. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation for auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2021;143:163–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Basavaraju R,