Infection, inflammation and hepatic encephalopathy from a clinical perspective

Agrawal M, Aroniadis OC, Brandt LJ, Kelly C, Freeman S, Surawicz C, Broussard E, Stollman N, Giovanelli A, Smith B, Yen E, Trivedi A, Hubble L, Kao D, Borody T, Finlayson S, Ray A, Smith R (2016) The long-term efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplant for recurrent, severe, and complicated clostridium difficile infection in 146 elderly individuals. J Clin Gastroenterol 50(5):403–407. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0000000000000410

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Agusti A, Hernández-Rabaza V, Balzano T, Taoro-Gonzalez L, Ibañez-Grau A, Cabrera-Pastor A, Fustero S, Llansola M, Montoliu C, Felipo V (2017) Sildenafil reduces neuroinflammation in cerebellum, restores GABAergic tone, and improves motor in-coordination in rats with hepatic encephalopathy. CNS Neurosci Ther 23(5):386–394. https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.12688

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aird WC (2003) The role of the endothelium in severe sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Blood 101(10):3765–3777. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-06-1887

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akrout N, Sharshar T, Annane D (2009) Mechanisms of brain signaling during sepsis. Curr Neuropharmacol 7(4):296–301. https://doi.org/10.2174/157015909790031175

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alabsawy E, Shalimar MF, Sheikh MP, Ballester SK, Acharya BA, Jalan R (2022) Overt hepatic encephalopathy is an independent risk factor for de novo infection in cirrhotic patients with acute decompensation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 55(6):722–732. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16790

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Antoniades CG, Berry PA, Wendon JA, Vergani D (2008) The importance of immune dysfunction in determining outcome in acute liver failure. J Hepatol 49(5):845–861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2008.08.009

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aoyagi T, Engstrom GW, Evans WB, Summerskill WH (1966) Gastrointestinal urease in man. I. Activity of Mucosal Urease. Gut 7(6):631–635. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.7.6.631

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bajaj JS, Fagan A, Gavis EA, Kassam Z, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM (2019a) Long-term outcomes of fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 156(6):1921-1923.e1923. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.01.033

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bajaj JS, Fagan A, White MB, Wade JB, Hylemon PB, Heuman DM, Fuchs M, John BV, Acharya C, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM (2019b) Specific gut and salivary microbiota patterns are linked with different cognitive testing strategies in minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 114(7):1080–1090. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000102

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bajaj JS, Salzman NH, Acharya C, Sterling RK, White MB, Gavis EA, Fagan A, Hayward M, Holtz ML, Matherly S, Lee H, Osman M, Siddiqui MS, Fuchs M, Puri P, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM (2019c) Fecal microbial transplant capsules are safe in hepatic encephalopathy: A phase 1, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology 70(5):1690–1703. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.30690

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bajaj JS, Heuman DM, Hylemon PB, Sanyal AJ, White MB, Monteith P, Noble NA, Unser AB, Daita K, Fisher AR, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM (2014) Altered profile of human gut microbiome is associated with cirrhosis and its complications. J Hepatol 60(5):940–947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2013.12.019

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bajaj JS, Heuman DM, Sanyal AJ, Hylemon PB, Sterling RK, Stravitz RT, Fuchs M, Ridlon JM, Daita K, Monteith P, Noble NA, White MB, Fisher A, Sikaroodi M, Rangwala H, Gillevet PM (2013) Modulation of the metabiome by rifaximin in patients with cirrhosis and minimal hepatic encephalopathy. PLoS ONE 8(4):e60042. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060042

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bajaj JS, Kassam Z, Fagan A, Gavis EA, Liu E, Cox IJ, Kheradman R, Heuman D, Wang J, Gurry T, Williams R, Sikaroodi M, Fuchs M, Alm E, John B, Thacker LR, Riva A, Smith M, Taylor-Robinson SD, Gillevet PM (2017a) Fecal microbiota transplant from a rational stool donor improves hepatic encephalopathy: A randomized clinical trial. Hepatology 66(6):1727–1738. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.29306

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bajaj JS, O’Leary JG, Tandon P, Wong F, Garcia-Tsao G, Kamath PS, Maliakkal B, Biggins SW, Thuluvath PJ, Fallon MB, Subramanian RM, Vargas HE, Lai J, Thacker LR, Reddy KR (2017b) Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with mortality in patients with cirrhosis independent of other extrahepatic organ failures. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 15(4):565-574.e564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2016.09.157

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bajaj JS, Ridlon JM, Hylemon PB, Thacker LR, Heuman DM, Smith S, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM (2012) Linkage of gut microbiome with cognition in hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 302(1):G168-175. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00190.2011

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ballester MP, Tranah TH, Balcar L, Fiorillo A, Ampuero J, Kerbert AJC, Thomsen KL, Escudero MD, Mandorfer M, Reiberger T, Shawcross DL, Romero-Gómez M, Montoliu C, Carbonell-Asins JA, Jalan R (2023) Development and validation of the AMMON-OHE model to predict risk of overt hepatic encephalopathy occurrence in outpatients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 79(4):967–976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2023.05.022

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Balzano T, Dadsetan S, Forteza J, Cabrera-Pastor A, Taoro-Gonzalez L, Malaguarnera M, Gil-Perotin S, Cubas-Nuñez L, Casanova B, Castro-Quintas A, Ponce-Mora A, Arenas YM, Leone P, Erceg S, Llansola M, Felipo V (2020) Chronic hyperammonemia induces peripheral inflammation that leads to cognitive impairment in rats: Reversed by anti-TNF-α treatment. J Hepatol 73(3):582–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2019.01.008

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Balzano T, Forteza J, Molina P, Giner J, Monzó A, Sancho-Jiménez J, Urios A, Montoliu C, Felipo V (2018) The cerebellum of patients with steatohepatitis shows lymphocyte infiltration, microglial activation and loss of purkinje and granular neurons. Sci Rep 8(1):3004. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21399-6

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bañares R, Nevens F, Larsen FS, Jalan R, Albillos A, Dollinger M, Saliba F, Sauerbruch T, Klammt S, Ockenga J, Pares A, Wendon J, Brünnler T, Kramer L, Mathurin P, de la Mata M, Gasbarrini A, Müllhaupt B, Wilmer A, Laleman W, Eefsen M, Sen S, Zipprich A, Tenorio T, Pavesi M, Schmidt HH-J, Mitzner S, Williams R, Arroyo V, RELIEF study group (2013) Extracorporeal albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system in acute-on-chronic liver failure: The RELIEF trial. Hepatology 57(3):1153–1162. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26185

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bass NM, Mullen KD, Sanyal A, Poordad F, Neff G, Leevy CB, Sigal S, Sheikh MY, Beavers K, Frederick T, Teperman L, Hillebrand D, Huang S, Merchant K, Shaw A, Bortey E, Forbes WP (2010) Rifaximin treatment in hepatic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med 362(12):1071–1081. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0907893

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bauer M, Gerlach H, Vogelmann T, Preissing F, Stiefel J, Adam D (2020) Mortality in sepsis and septic shock in Europe, North America and Australia between 2009 and 2019— results from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 24(1):239. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-02950-2

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bauer TM, Steinbrückner B, Brinkmann FE, Ditzen AK, Schwacha H, Aponte JJ, Pelz K, Kist M, Blum HE (2001) Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with cirrhosis: Prevalence and relation with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Am J Gastroenterol 96(10):2962–2967. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9270(01)03230-0

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bélanger M, Desjardins P, Chatauret N, Butterworth RF (2002) Loss of expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in acute hyperammonemia. Neurochem Int 41(2–3):155–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0197-0186(02)00037-2

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bémeur C, Qu H, Desjardins P, Butterworth RF (2010) IL-1 or TNF receptor gene deletion delays onset of encephalopathy and attenuates brain edema in experimental acute liver failure. Neurochem Int 56(2):213–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2009.11.010

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bernal W, Hall C, Karvellas CJ, Auzinger G, Sizer E, Wendon J (2007) Arterial ammonia and clinical risk factors for encephalopathy and intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure. Hepatology 46(6):1844–1852. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.21838

Article  CAS  PubMed 

Comments (0)

No login
gif