Millan MJ, Andrieux A, Bartzokis G et al (2016) Altering the course of schizophrenia: progress and perspectives. Nat Rev Drug Discov 15:485–515. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2016.28

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stone WS, Phillips MR, Yang LH et al (2022) Neurodegenerative model of schizophrenia: growing evidence to support a revisit. Schizophr Res 243:154–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2022.03.004

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Trubetskoy V, Pardiñas AF, Qi T et al (2022) Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia. Nature 604:502–508. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04434-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pardiñas AF, Smart SE, Willcocks IR et al (2022) Interaction testing and polygenic risk scoring to estimate the association of common genetic variants with treatment resistance in schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiat 79:260–269. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.3799

Article  Google Scholar 

Facal F, Costas J (2023) Polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia and treatment resistance: new data, systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 252:189–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2023.01.012

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Facal F, Arrojo M, Paz E et al (2022) Association between psychiatric hospitalizations of patients with schizophrenia and polygenic risk scores based on genes with altered expression by antipsychotics. Acta Psychiatr Scand 146:139–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13444

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meier SM, Kähler AK, Bergen SE et al (2020) Chronicity and sex affect genetic risk prediction in schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 11:9–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00313

Article  Google Scholar 

Meier SM, Agerbo E, Maier R et al (2016) High loading of polygenic risk in cases with chronic schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 21:969–974. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2015.130

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Müller N (2018) Inflammation in schizophrenia: pathogenetic aspects and therapeutic considerations. Schizophr Bull 44:973–982. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby024

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sekar A, Bialas AR, De Rivera H et al (2016) Schizophrenia risk from complex variation of complement component 4. Nature 530:177–183. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16549.Schizophrenia

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Halstead S, Siskind D, Amft M et al (2023) Alteration patterns of peripheral concentrations of cytokines and associated inflammatory proteins in acute and chronic stages of schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 10:260–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(23)00025-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wörns MA, Victor A, Galle PR, Höhler T (2006) Genetic and environmental contributions to plasma C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels—a study in twins. Genes Immun 7:600–605. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.gene.6364330

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sas AA, Jamshidi Y, Zheng D et al (2012) The age-dependency of genetic and environmental influences on serum cytokine levels: a twin study. Cytokine 60:108–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2012.04.047

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Neijts M, van Dongen J, Kluft C et al (2013) Genetic architecture of the pro-inflammatory state in an extended twin-family design. Twin Res Hum Genet 16:931–940. https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2013.58

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Amaral WZ, Krueger RF, Ryff CD, Coe CL (2015) Genetic and environmental determinants of population variation in interleukin-6, its soluble receptor and C-reactive protein: insights from identical and fraternal twins. Brain Behav Immun 49:171–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2015.05.010

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lambert SA, Gil L, Jupp S et al (2021) The Polygenic Score Catalog as an open database for reproducibility and systematic evaluation. Nat Genet 53:420–425. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-021-00783-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lewis CM, Vassos E (2020) Polygenic risk scores: from research tools to clinical instruments. Genome Med 12:44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-020-00742-5

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chang CC, Chow CC, Tellier LCAM et al (2015) Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets. Gigascience 4:7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13742-015-0047-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Folkersen L, Gustafsson S, Wang Q et al (2020) Genomic and drug target evaluation of 90 cardiovascular proteins in 30,931 individuals. Nat Metab 2:1135–1148. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-020-00287-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (2014) Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature 511:421–427. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13595.Biological

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

R Core Team (2022) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. https://www.R-project.org/

Rømer TB, Jeppesen R, Christensen RHB, Benros ME (2023) Biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with psychotic disorders compared to healthy controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-02059-2

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Perry BI, Upthegrove R, Kappelmann N et al (2021) Associations of immunological proteins/traits with schizophrenia, major depression and bipolar disorder: a bi-directional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Brain Behav Immun 97:176–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.009

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dietsche B, Kircher T, Falkenberg I (2017) Structural brain changes in schizophrenia at different stages of the illness: a selective review of longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging studies. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 51:500–508. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867417699473

Article  Google Scholar 

Xiao Y, Liao W, Long Z et al (2022) Subtyping schizophrenia patients based on patterns of structural brain alterations. Schizophr Bull 48:241–250. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbab110

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Andreasen NC, Liu D, Ziebell S et al (2013) Relapse duration, treatment intensity, and brain tissue loss in schizophrenia: a prospective longitudinal MRI study. Am J Psychiatry 170:609–615. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12050674

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erta M, Quintana A, Hidalgo J (2012) Interleukin-6, a major cytokine in the central nervous system. Int J Biol Sci 8:1254–1266. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.4679

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kummer KK, Zeidler M, Kalpachidou T, Kress M (2021) Role of IL-6 in the regulation of neuronal development, survival and function. Cytokine 144:155582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155582

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rothaug M, Becker-Pauly C, Rose-John S (2016) The role of interleukin-6 signaling in nervous tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta 1863:1218–1227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.018

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prasad KM, Upton CH, Nimgaonkar VL, Keshavan MS (2015) Differential susceptibility of white matter tracts to inflammatory mediators in schizophrenia: an integrated DTI study. Schizophr Res 161:119–125.