Falkner B, Gidding SS, Baker-Smith CM, Brady TM, Flynn JT, Malle LM, et al. Pediatric Primary Hypertension: An Underrecognized Condition: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2023;80:e101–e11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Letswalo BP, Schmid-Zalaudek K, Brix B, Matjuda EN, Klosz F, Obernhumer N, et al. Cardiometabolic risk factors and early indicators of vascular dysfunction: a cross-sectional cohort study in South African adolescents. BMJ Open. 2021;11:e042955.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bouhanick B, Sosner P, Brochard K, Mounier-Véhier C, Plu-Bureau G, Hascoet S, et al. Hypertension in Children and Adolescents: A Position Statement From a Panel of Multidisciplinary Experts Coordinated by the French Society of Hypertension. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:680803.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Litwin M, Kułaga Z. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and primary hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol Berl Ger. 2021;36:825–37.

Article  Google Scholar 

Anyaegbu EI, Dharnidharka VR. Hypertension in the teenager. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2014;61:131–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akther M, Tabrez MS, Akther H, Alam ST, Sumon MH. Body Mass Index and Waist Hip Ratio a Predictor of Hypertension of Adolescent Boys and Girls in a Metropolitan City in Bangladesh. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg EBSCOhost. 2020;38:110.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ye X, Yi Q, Shao J, Zhang Y, Zha M, Yang Q, et al. Trends in Prevalence of Hypertension and Hypertension Phenotypes Among Chinese Children and Adolescents Over Two Decades (1991-2015). Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:627741.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hardy ST, Sakhuja S, Jaeger BC, Urbina EM, Suglia SF, Feig DI, et al. Trends in Blood Pressure and Hypertension Among US Children and Adolescents, 1999-2018. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e213917.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Noubiap JJ, Essouma M, Bigna JJ, Jingi AM, Aminde LN, Nansseu JR. Prevalence of elevated blood pressure in children and adolescents in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2017;2:e375–e86.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Daniel RA, Haldar P, Prasad M, Kant S, Krishnan A, Gupta SK, et al. Prevalence of hypertension among adolescents (10-19 years) in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. PloS One. 2020;15:e0239929.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Meena J, Singh M, Agarwal A, Chauhan A, Jaiswal N. Prevalence of Hypertension among Children and Adolescents in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Indian J Pediatr. 2021;88:1107–14.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vasudevan A, Thomas T, Kurpad A, Sachdev HS. Prevalence of and Factors Associated With High Blood Pressure Among Adolescents in India. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5:e2239282.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Neves MEA, Souza MR, Gorgulho BM, Pereira RA, Cunha DB, Souza AM, et al. Restricted dietary pattern may contribute to lowering blood pressure in adolescents with obesity: Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents. J Hypertens. 2022;40:785–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rus, Pac RR, Obrycki M, Sağsak E, Azukaitis K, Sinha MD, et al. Systolic and diastolic left ventricular function in children with primary hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2023;41:51–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marques-Vidal P, Tuomilehto J. Hypertension awareness, treatment and control in the community: is the ‘rule of halves’ still valid? J Hum Hypertens. 1997;11:213–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peters MA, Noonan CM, Rao KD, Edward A, Alonge OO. Evidence for an expanded hypertension care cascade in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22:827.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kothavale A, Puri P, Sangani PG. Quantifying population level hypertension care cascades in India: a cross-sectional analysis of risk factors and disease linkages. BMC Geriatr. 2022;22:98.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Basu S, Malik M, Anand T, Singh A. Hypertension Control Cascade and Regional Performance in India: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Analysis (2015-2021). Cureus. 2023;15:e35449.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Akl C, Akik C, Ghattas H, Obermeyer CM. The cascade of care in managing hypertension in the Arab world: a systematic assessment of the evidence on awareness, treatment and control. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:835.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

India Report. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF: National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), 2019-21. IIPS, Mumbai, India.https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR375/FR375.pdf

Rehman S, Hashmi MF, Nelson VL. Blood Pressure Measurement. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482189. Accessed 6 Feb 2024.

World Health Organization. Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation, Geneva, 8-11 December 2008. 2011. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/44583. Accessed 2 Jan 2024.

Centre for Disease Control. About Child and Teen BMI. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/childrens_bmi/about_childrens_bmi.html. Accessed 2 Jan 2024.

Centre for Disease Control. 2 to 20 years: Girls, Body mass index-for-age percentiles. https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/data/set1clinical/cj41l024.pdf. Accessed 2 Jan 2000.

Centre for Disease Control. 2 to 20 years: Boys, Body mass index-for-age percentiles. https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/data/set1clinical/cj41c023.pdf. Accessed 2 Jan 2000.

Paul P, Pennell ML, Lemeshow S. Standardizing the power of the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test in large data sets. Stat Med. 2013;32:67–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krishnamoorthy Y, Rajaa S, Sulgante S, Chinnakali P, Jaswal N, Goel S. Prevalence of hypertension and determinants of treatment-seeking behaviour among adolescents and young adults in India: an analysis of NFHS-4. J Public Health Oxf Engl. 2022;45:e48–e56.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kaur P, Sakthivel M, Venkatasamy V. et al. India Hypertension Control Initiative- Blood Pressure Control using Drug and Dose-Specific Standard Treatment Protocol at Scale in Punjab and Maharashtra, India, 2024;19:30.

Update on Prevention and control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1945739. Accessed 6 Feb 2024.

EVERETT B, ZAJACOVA A. Gender Differences in Hypertension and Hypertension Awareness Among Young Adults. Biodemography Soc Biol. 2015;61:1–17.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ek S. Gender differences in health information behaviour: a Finnish population-based survey. Health Promot Int. 2015;30:736–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao W, Mo L, Pang Y. Hypertension in adolescents: The role of obesity and family history. J Clin Hypertens. 2021;23:2065–70.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mohamed SF, Mutua MK, Wamai R, Wekesah F, Haregu T, Juma P, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension and their determinants: results from a national survey in Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:1219.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chorin E, Hassidim A, Hartal M, Havakuk O, Flint N, Ziv-Baran T, et al. Trends in Adolescents Obesity and the Association between BMI and Blood Pressure: A Cross-Sectional Study in 714,922 Healthy Teenagers. Am J Hypertens. 2015;28:1157–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Falkner B. Monitoring and management of hypertension with obesity in adolescents. Integr Blood Press Control. 2017;10:33–39.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guimarães ICB, Almeida AM, de, Santos AS, Barbosa DBV, Guimarães AC. Blood pressure: effect of body mass index and of waist circumference on adolescents. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008;90:426–32.

Google Scholar 

Balcı S, Menekse D. Effect of Body Mass Index and Waist-Hip Ratio on Blood Pressure in Adolescents: A Descriptive and Correlational Study. Türkiye Klin Hemşire Bilim Derg. 2017;9:99–106.

Google Scholar 

Chaudhary S, Alam M, Singh S, Deuja S, Karmacharya P, Mondal M. Correlation of Blood Pressure with Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference and Waist by Hip Ratio. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2019;16:410–3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pazin DC, Kaestner TL, da L, Olandoski M, Baena CP, Abreu G, et al. Association Between Abdominal Waist Circumference and Blood Pressure In Brazilian Adolescents With Normal Body Mass Index: waist circumference and blood pressure in adolescents. Glob Heart. 2020;15:27.

Article  PubMed