The present study revealed that the Charlson comorbidity score at admission (OR = 1.24, 95%CI [1.03–1.50]), a history of infection or colonization with multidrug-resistant bacteria (OR = 8.27, 95%CI [1.37–49.80]), compliance with suggested treatment modifications (OR = 0.09, 95%CI [0.01–0.67]), and deterioration of the patient's status on Day 3 after the infectious disease specialist's advice (OR = 12.50, 95%CI [3.16–49.46]) were associated with treatment failure after infectious disease advice in the multivariate analysis.