Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I et al. Global cancer statistics 2022 GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74:229–63. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21834.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Valery PC, Laversanne M, Clark PJ, Petrick JL, McGlynn KA, Bray F. Projections of primary liver cancer to 2030 in 30 countries worldwide. Hepatology. 2018;67:600–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.29498. (PubMed PMID: 28859220; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5832532).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Llovet JM, Kelley RK, Villanueva A, Singal AG, Pikarsky E, Roayaie S et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7:6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-00240-3. (PubMed PMID: 33479224).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Go YM, Sutliff RL, Chandler JD, Khalidur R, Kang BY, Anania FA et al. Low-Dose Cadmium Causes Metabolic and Genetic Dysregulation Associated With Fatty Liver Disease in Mice. Toxicol Sci. 2015;147:524–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfv149. (PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4598795).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Simeckova P, Pencikova K, Kovac O, Slavik J, Parenicova M, Vondracek J et al. In vitro profiling of toxic effects of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on nuclear receptor signaling, disruption of endogenous metabolism and induction of cellular stress. Sci Total Environ. 2022;815:151967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151967. (PubMed PMID: 34843781).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Buhrke T, Kruger E, Pevny S, Rossler M, Bitter K, Lampen A. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) affects distinct molecular signalling pathways in human primary hepatocytes. Toxicology. 2015;333:53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2015.04.004. (PubMed PMID: 25868421).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mundt KA, Dell LD, Crawford L, Gallagher AE. Quantitative estimated exposure to vinyl chloride and risk of angiosarcoma of the liver and hepatocellular cancer in the US industry-wide vinyl chloride cohort: mortality update through 2013. Occup Environ Med. 2017;74:709–16. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-104051. (PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5629943).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wild CP, Gong YY. Mycotoxins and human disease: a largely ignored global health issue. Carcinogenesis. 2010;31:71–82. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgp264. (PubMed PMID: 19875698; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2802673).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

WHO. Mycotoxins 2023 [11/06/2023]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mycotoxins#:~:text=The%20maximum%20levels%20for%20mycotoxins,one%20billionth%20of%20a%20kilogram.

Lu W, Zheng F, Li Z, Zhou R, Deng L, Xiao W et al. Association Between Environmental and Socioeconomic Risk Factors and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis. Front Public Health. 2022;10:741490. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.741490. (PubMed PMID: 35252078).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pollock BH, Elmore S, Romoser A, Tang L, Kang MS, Xue K et al. Intervention trial with calcium montmorillonite clay in a south Texas population exposed to aflatoxin. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2016;33:1346–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2016.1198498. (PubMed PMID: 27321368; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5145309).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Malla S, Kadimisetty K, Jiang D, Choudhary D, Rusling JF. Pathways of Metabolite-Related Damage to a Synthetic p53 Gene Exon 7 Oligonucleotide Using Magnetic Enzyme Bioreactor Beads and LC-MS/MS Sequencing. Biochemistry. 2018;57:3883–93. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00271. (PubMed PMID: 29750510; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6030469).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Soni P, Ghufran MS, Kanade SR. Aflatoxin B(1) induced multiple epigenetic modulators in human epithelial cell lines. Toxicon. 2018;151:119–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.07.011. (PubMed PMID: 30006306).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ghufran MS, Soni P, Kanade SR. Aflatoxin-induced upregulation of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 is mediated by protein kinase C and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2019;35:67–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10565-018-9439-8. (PubMed PMID: 29980893).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koh WP, Robien K, Wang R, Govindarajan S, Yuan JM, Yu MC. Smoking as an independent risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Br J Cancer. 2011;105:1430–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2011.360. (PubMed PMID: 21915129; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3241540).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kolly P, Knöpfli M, Dufour JF. Effect of smoking on survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int. 2017;37:1682–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.13466. (PubMed PMID: 28467657).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Petrick JL, Campbell PT, Koshiol J, Thistle JE, Andreotti G, Beane-Freeman LE et al. Tobacco, alcohol use and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: The Liver Cancer Pooling Project. Br J Cancer. 2018;118:1005–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-018-0007-z. (PubMed PMID: 29520041; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5931109).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marti-Aguado D, Clemente-Sanchez A, Bataller R. Cigarette smoking and liver diseases. J Hepatol. 2022;77:191–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2022.01.016. (PubMed PMID: 35131406).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hezode C, Roudot-Thoraval F, Nguyen S, Grenard P, Julien B, Zafrani ES et al. Daily cannabis smoking as a risk factor for progression of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2005;42:63–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.20733. (PubMed PMID: 15892090).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brunet L, Moodie EE, Rollet K, Cooper C, Walmsley S, Potter M et al. Marijuana smoking does not accelerate progression of liver disease in HIV-hepatitis C coinfection: a longitudinal cohort analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:663–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit378. (PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3739469).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

ElTelbany A, Khoudari G, Al-Khadra Y, McCullough A, Alkhouri N. Lower Rates of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Observed Among Cannabis Users A Population-Based Study. Cureus. 2022;14:e24576. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.24576. (PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC9138632).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pinazo-Bandera JM, García-Cortés M, Segovia-Zafra A, Lucena MI, Andrade RJ. 2022. Recreational Drugs and the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel). 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14215395. PubMed PMID: 36358813; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC9657889.

Patel AB, Shaikh S, Jain KR, Desai C, Madamwar D. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Toxicity, and Remediation Approaches. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:562813. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.562813.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ifegwu OC, Anyakora C. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Part II, urine markers. Adv Clin Chem. 2016;75:159–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acc.2016.03.001. (PubMed PMID: 27346619).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bosetti C, Boffetta P, La Vecchia C. Occupational exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and respiratory and urinary tract cancers: a quantitative review to 2005. Ann Oncol. 2007;18:431–46. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdl172. (PubMed PMID: 16936186).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu B, Lin M, Li H, Wu Y, Qi M, Tang J et al. Internal exposure risk based on urinary metabolites of PAHs of occupation and non-occupation populations around a non-ferrous metal smelting plant. J Hazard Mater. 2023;455:131563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131563.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shimada T, Fujii-Kuriyama Y. Metabolic activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to carcinogens by cytochromes P450 1A1 and 1B1. Cancer Sci. 2004;95:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03162.x. (PubMed PMID: 14720319).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

ATSDR. ATSDR’s Substance Priority List 2022 [updated 11/29/2022; cited 2023 09/03/2023]. Available from: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/spl/index.html.

Kazerouni N, Sinha R, Hsu CH, Greenberg A, Rothman N. Analysis of 200 food items for benzo[a]pyrene and estimation of its intake in an epidemiologic study. Food Chem Toxicol. 2001;39:423–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-6915(00)00158-7. (PubMed PMID: 11313108).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kitagawa T, Hirakawa T, Ishikawa T, Nemoto N, Takayama S. Induction of hepatocellular carcinoma in rat liver by initial treatment with benzo(a)pyrene after partial hepatectomy and promotion by phenobarbital. Toxicol Lett. 1980;6:167–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(80)90186-1. (PubMed PMID: 7404596).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wills LP, Jung D, Koehrn K, Zhu S, Willett KL, Hinton DE et al. Comparative chronic liver toxicity of benzo[a]pyrene in two populations of the atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) with different exposure histories. Environ Health Perspect. 2010;118:1376–81. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901799. (PubMed PMID: 20501349; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2957915.).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central