Galicia-Garcia U, Benito-Vicente A, Jebari S, Larrea-Sebal A, Siddiqi H, Uribe KB, et al. Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(17):6275.

CAS  Google Scholar 

American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in Diabetes-2017 abridged for primary care providers. Clin Diabetes. 2017;35(1):5–26.

Google Scholar 

Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, Pinkepank M, Ogurtsova K, Duncan BB, et al. IDF diabetes atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109119.

Google Scholar 

Azizi F, Hadaegh F, Hosseinpanah F, Mirmiran P, Amouzegar A, Abdi H, et al. Metabolic health in the middle East and North Africa. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7(11):866–79.

Google Scholar 

Khodakarami R, Abdi Z, Ahmadnezhad E, Sheidaei A, Asadi-Lari M. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of diabetes among Iranian population: results of four National cross-sectional STEPwise approach to surveillance surveys. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1216.

Google Scholar 

Ramezankhani A, Harati H, Bozorgmanesh M, Tohidi M, Khalili D, Azizi F, et al. Diabetes mellitus: findings from 20 years of the Tehran lipid and glucose study. International journal of endocrinology and metabolism. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2018;16(4 Suppl):e84784.

Google Scholar 

Jannasch F, Kröger J, Schulze MB. Dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes: A systematic literature review and Meta-Analysis of prospective studies. J Nutr. 2017;147(6):1174–82.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Faulkner D, Vidgen E, Trautwein EA, Parker TL, et al. A dietary portfolio approach to cholesterol reduction: combined effects of plant sterols, vegetable proteins, and viscous fibers in hypercholesterolemia. Metabolism. 2002;51(12):1596–604.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Afshin A, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Mozaffarian D. Consumption of nuts and legumes and risk of incident ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(1):278–88.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Becerra-Tomás N, Paz-Graniel I, Hernández-Alonso P, Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Sievenpiper JL, et al. Nut consumption and type 2 diabetes risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;113(4):960–71.

Google Scholar 

Tang J, Wan Y, Zhao M, Zhong H, Zheng JS, Feng F. Legume and soy intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;111(3):677–88.

Google Scholar 

Xie Y, Gou L, Peng M, Zheng J, Chen L. Effects of soluble fiber supplementation on glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(4):1800–10.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Xu B, Fu J, Qiao Y, Cao J, Deehan EC, Li Z, et al. Higher intake of microbiota-accessible carbohydrates and improved cardiometabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis and umbrella review of dietary management in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;113(6):1515–30.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Zuo X, Zhao R, Wu M. Soy consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2023;15(6):1358.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Johns I, Frost G, Dornhorst A. Increasing the proportion of plasma MUFA, as a result of dietary intervention, is associated with a modest improvement in insulin sensitivity. J Nutr Sci. 2019;9:e6.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Chiavaroli L, Nishi SK, Khan TA, Braunstein CR, Glenn AJ, Mejia SB, et al. Portfolio dietary pattern and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and Meta-analysis of controlled trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;61(1):43–53.

Google Scholar 

Glenn AJ, Lo K, Jenkins DJA, Boucher BA, Hanley AJ, Kendall CWC, et al. Relationship between a Plant-Based dietary portfolio and risk of cardiovascular disease: findings from the women’s health initiative prospective cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(16):e021515.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Keith M, Kuliszewski MA, Liao C, Peeva V, Ahmed M, Tran S, et al. A modified portfolio diet complements medical management to reduce cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Clin Nutr. 2015;34(3):541–8.

Google Scholar 

Glenn AJ, Hernández-Alonso P, Kendall CWC, Martínez-González M, Corella D, Fitó M, et al. Longitudinal changes in adherence to the portfolio and DASH dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors in the PREDIMED-Plus study. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(5):2825–36.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Kavanagh ME, Back S. The portfolio diet and HbA1c in adults living with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A Patient-Level pooled analysis of two randomized dietary trials. Nutrients. 2024;16(17):2817.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Glenn AJ, Li J, Lo K, Jenkins DJA, Boucher BA, Hanley AJ, et al. The portfolio diet and incident type 2 diabetes: findings from the women’s health initiative prospective cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(1):28–37.

Google Scholar 

Fahed AC, El-Hage-Sleiman AK, Farhat TI, Nemer GM. Diet, genetics, and disease: a focus on the middle East and North Africa region. J Nutr Metab. 2012;2012:109037.

Google Scholar 

Azizi F, Zadeh-Vakili A, Takyar M. Review of rationale, design, and initial findings: Tehran lipid and glucose study. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2018;16(4 Suppl):e84777.

Google Scholar 

Esfahani FH, Asghari G, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Reproducibility and relative validity of food group intake in a food frequency questionnaire developed for the Tehran lipid and glucose study. J Epidemiol. 2010;20(2):150–8.

Google Scholar 

Mirmiran P, Esfahani FH, Mehrabi Y, Hedayati M, Azizi F. Reliability and relative validity of an FFQ for nutrients in the Tehran lipid and glucose study. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13(5):654–62.

Google Scholar 

Asghari G, Rezazadeh A, Hosseini-Esfahani F, Mehrabi Y, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Reliability, comparative validity and stability of dietary patterns derived from an FFQ in the Tehran lipid and glucose study. Br J Nutr. 2012;108(6):1109–17.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Esmaeili M, Hushiarrad A. Iranian food composition table. Tehran: Shadid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; 2018.

Google Scholar 

Glenn AJ, Boucher BA. Development of a portfolio diet score and its concurrent and predictive validity assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. Nutrients. 2021;13(8):2850.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Momenan AA, Delshad M, Sarbazi N, Rezaei Ghaleh N, Ghanbarian A, Azizi F. Reliability and validity of the modifiable activity questionnaire (MAQ) in an Iranian urban adult population. Arch Iran Med. 2012;15(5):279–82.

Google Scholar 

American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in Diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care. 2024;2(Suppl 1):S20–42.

Google Scholar 

Bozorgmanesh M, Hadaegh F, Ghaffari S, Harati H, Azizi F. A simple risk score effectively predicted type 2 diabetes in Iranian adult population: population-based cohort study. Eur J Public Health. 2011;21(5):554–9.

Google Scholar 

Heidari Z, Feizi A, Azadbakht L, Sarrafzadegan N. Usual intake distribution of vitamins and prevalence of inadequacy in a large sample of Iranian At-Risk population: application of NCI method. J Am Coll Nutr. 2016;35(3):193–204.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Hosseini F, Jayedi A, Khan TA, Shab-Bidar S. Dietary carbohydrate and the risk of type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):2491.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G, Lampousi AM, Knüppel S, Iqbal K, Schwedhelm C, et al. Food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32(5):363–75.

Google Scholar 

Glenn AJ, Guasch-Ferré M. Portfolio diet score and risk of cardiovascular disease: findings from 3 prospective cohort studies. Circulation. 2023;148(22):1750–63.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Faulkner DA, Kemp T, Marchie A, Nguyen TH, et al. Long-term effects of a plant-based dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods on blood pressure. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62(6):781–8.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Fotouhi Ardakani A, Anjom-Shoae J, Sadeghi O, Marathe CS, Feinle-Bisset C, Horowitz M. Association between total, animal, and plant protein intake and type 2 diabetes risk in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Clin Nutr. 2024;43(8):1941–55.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Neuenschwander M, Barbaresko J. Intake of dietary fats and fatty acids and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. PloS Med. 2020;17(12):e1003347.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Gaeini Z, Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P. Saturated fatty acid intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of cohort studies. Adv Nutr. 2022;13(6):2125–35.

Google Scholar 

Mozaffarian D. Plant-Based diets and diabetes risk: which foods. What Mechanisms? Diabetes Care. 2024;47(5):787–9.

Google Scholar 

Asghari G, Ghorbani Z, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Nut consumption is associated with lower incidence of type 2 diabetes: the Tehran lipid and glucose study. Diabetes Metab. 2017;43(1):18–24.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Hosseinpour-Niazi S, Hosseini S, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Prospective study of nut consumption and incidence of metabolic syndrome: Tehran lipid and glucose study. Nutrients. 2017;9(10):1056.

Google Scholar 

Luo C, Zhang Y, Ding Y, Shan Z, Chen S, Yu M, et al. Nut consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(1):256–69.

CAS  Google Scholar 

de Souza RJ, Dehghan M, Mente A, Bangdiwala SI, Ahmed SH, Alhabib KF, et al. Association of nut intake with risk factors, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 16 countries from 5 continents: analysis from the prospective urban and rural epidemiology (PURE) study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;112(1):208–19.

Google Scholar 

Liu X, Guasch-Ferré M, Drouin-Chartier JP, Tobias DK, Bhupathiraju SN, Rexrode KM, et al. Changes in nut consumption and subsequent cardiovascular disease risk among US men and women: 3 large prospective cohort studies. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(7):e013877.

Google Scholar 

Josse AR, Kendall CW, Augustin LS, Ellis PR, Jenkins DJ. Almonds and postprandial glycemia–a dose-response study. Metabolism. 2007;56(3):400–4.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Risérus U, Willett WC, Hu FB. Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes. Prog Lipid Res. 2009;48(1):44–51.

Google Scholar 

Tindall AM, Johnston EA, Kris-Etherton PM, Petersen KS. The effect of nuts on markers of glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;109(2):297–314.

Google Scholar 

Snelson M, Biesiekierski JR, Chen S, Sultan N, Cardoso BR. The effects of nut intake on gut Microbiome composition and gut function in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Nutr. 2025 Jun;13:100465.

Nishi SK, Viguiliouk E, Blanco Mejia S. Are fatty nuts a weighty concern? A systematic review and meta-analysis and dose-response meta-regression of prospective cohorts and randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev. 2021;22(11):e13330.

Google Scholar 

Creedon AC, Hung ES, Berry SE. Nuts and their effect on gut microbiota, gut function and symptoms in adults: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis of randomised controlled trials. Nutrients. 2020;12(8):2347.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Kim Y, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Benefits of nut consumption on insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors: multiple potential mechanisms of actions