Core Concepts - HIV and Corrections. In: National HIV Curriculum. University of Washington. https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/key-populations/hiv-corrections/core-concept/all. Accessed 16 Jan 2024.
Formerly Incarcerated Transitions for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (FIT for PrEP). In: UNC Center for Health Equity Research. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. https://www.med.unc.edu/cher/2020/04/formerly-incarcerated-transitions-for-pre-exposure-prophylaxis-fit-for-prep/. Accessed 12 Mar 2024.
Health in Prison. In: Global Prison Trends 2023. Penal Reform International. https://cdn.penalreform.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/GPT-2023.pdf. https://www.penalreform.org/global-prison-trends-2023/. Accessed 4 May 2024.
Meyer JP, Chen NE, Springer SA. HIV treatment in the criminal justice system: critical knowledge and intervention gaps. AIDS Res Treat. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/680617.
World Health Organization. People in prisons. Global HIV, Hepatitis and STIs Programmes. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/teams/global-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-programmes/populations/people-in-prisons#:~:text=The%20estimated%20global%20HIV%20prevalence%20in%20prisoners,times%20higher%20than%20in%20the%20general%20adult. Accessed 16 Jan 2024.
Whiteside-Mansell L, Sockwell L, Knight D, Crone C. Community legal systems: targeting PrEP and HIV education to decrease risk of HIV transmission. AIDS Behavior. 2021;25(8):2578–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03219-.
Schwitters A. Health interventions in prisons: a literature review. In: Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations – 2016 update (Annex 4). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2016. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK379683/. Accessed 19 July 2024.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. *HIV/AIDS prevention, care, treatment, and support in prison settings: a framework for an effective national response*. 2006. https://www.unodc.org/documents/hiv-aids/HIV-AIDS_prisons_Oct06.pdf. Accessed 16 Jan 2024.
Lyons T, Osunkoya E, Anguh I, Adefuye A, Balogun J. HIV prevention and education in state prison systems: an update. J Correct Health Care. 2014;20(2):105–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078345813518630.
El-Bassel N, Gilbert L, Goddard-Eckrich D, Chang M, Wu E, Goodwin S, Tibbetts R, Almonte-Weston M, Hunt T. Effectiveness of a couple-based HIV and sexually transmitted infection prevention intervention for men in community supervision programs and their female sexual partners: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(3):e191139. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.1139.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Valera P, Ali ZS, Cunningham D, McLaughlin C, Acevedo S. Exploring Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) Knowledge in Incarcerated Men. Am J Mens Health. 2022;16(4):15579883221107192. https://doi.org/10.1177/15579883221107192.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Nijhawan AE, Pulitzer Z, Torres B, Noreen N, Schultheis A, Frank C, Colon R, Brooks R, Proffitt R, Pankow J, Bennett A, Salyards M, Kuo I, Knight K, Springer SA. HIV risk and interest in preexposure prophylaxis in justice-involved persons. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10986824/. Accessed 15 Apr 2024.
HIVinfo.nih.gov. Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) | Understanding HIV/AIDS | AIDSinfo. (n.d.). [Online] Available at: https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/post-exposure-prophylaxis-pep#:~:text=The%20exact%20effectiveness%20of%20PEP,no%20further%20exposures%20to%20HIV. Accessed 7 March 2024.
Russotto Y, Micali C, Laganà N, Marino A, Campanella E, Celesia BM, Pellicanò GF, Venanzi Rullo E, Nunnari G. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of hiv infection among detainees: a review of the literature. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland). 2022;10(12):2380. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10122380.
UNAIDS. 2025 AIDS targets: putting people living with HIV at the centre. UNAIDS. 2020. https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/2025-AIDS-Targets_en.pdf. Accessed 15 Apr 2024.
Dickson-Gomez J, Spector A, Krechel S, Li J, Montaque HDG, Ohlrich J, Galletly C, Weeks M. Barriers to drug treatment in police diversion programs and drug courts: a qualitative analysis. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2022;92(6):692–701. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000643.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bernard CL, Rao IJ, Robison KK, Brandeau ML. Health outcomes and cost-effectiveness of diversion programs for low-level drug offenders: A model-based analysis. PLoS Med. 2020;17(10):e1003239. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003239.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
National District Attorneys Association & Urban Institute. Restorative justice report: mapping prosecutor-led diversion. Urban Institute. 2023. https://ndaa.org/wp-content/uploads/NDAA-Urban-Institute-Thematic-Report-Restorative-Justice-September-2023.pdf. Accessed 15 Apr 2024.
Schneider RD. Mental health courts and diversion programs: A global survey. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2010;33(4):201–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2010.07.001.
Prison Policy Initiative. New data: Diversion still isn’t reducing racial disparities in the justice system. Prison Policy Initiative. 2023. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2023/03/07/diversion_racial_disparities/.
Underhill K, Dumont D, Operario D. HIV prevention for adults with criminal justice involvement: a systematic review of HIV risk-reduction interventions in incarceration and community settings. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(11):e27–53. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302152.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
The Sentencing Project. "Diversion: a hidden key to combating racial and ethnic disparities in juvenile justice." Available at: https://www.sentencingproject.org/reports/diversion-a-hidden-key-to-combating-racial-and-ethnic-disparities-in-juvenile-justice/. Accessed 12 Mar 2024.
Elkington KS, Robertson AA, Knight DK, Gardner SK, Funk RR, Dennis ML, Oser C, DiClemente R. HIV/STI Service delivery within juvenile community supervision agencies: a national survey of practices and approaches to moving high-risk youth through the HIV care cascade. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2020;34(2):72–80. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0157.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
HIV.gov. Department of justice releases report on people with HIV in prisons. HIV.gov. 2023. https://bjs.ojp.gov/document/hivp21st.pdf. Retrieved from https://www.hiv.gov/blog/department-of-justice-releases-report-on-people-with-hiv-in-prisons. Accessed 12 Mar 2024.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC's HIV Prevention Progress Report, 2020. In: HIV Prevention Bluebook. 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/policies/cdc-hiv-prevention-bluebook.pdf. Accessed April 10, 2024.
UNAIDS. HIV and Human Rights in Prisons: Fact Sheet. 2020. In: UNAIDS. https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/06-hiv-human-rights-factsheet-prisons_en.pdf. Accessed April 15, 2024.
Statista. Countries with the most prisoners per 100,000 inhabitants. Statista. 2024. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/262962/countries-with-the-most-prisoners-per-100-000-inhabitants/. Accessed 10 Apr 2024.
National Research Council. The growth of incarceration in the United States: exploring causes and consequences. The National Academies Press. 2014. Retrieved from https://nicic.gov/resources/nic-library/all-library-items/growth-incarceration-united-states-exploring-causes-and#:~:text=Just%20under%20one%2Dquarter%20of%20the%20world's%20prisoners,rates%20in%20Western%20Europe%20and%20other%20democracies. Accessed 10 Apr 2024.
Golrokhi R, Farhoudi B, Taj L, Pahlaviani FG, Mazaheri-Tehrani E, Cossarizza A, SeyedAlinaghi S, Mohraz M, Voltarelli FA. HIV prevalence and correlations in prisons in different regions of the world: a review article. AIDS J. 2018;12:81–92. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874613601812010081.
Wolff N, Blitz CL, Shi J, Bachman R, Siegel JA. Sexual violence inside prisons: rates of victimization. J Urban Health. 2006;83(5):835–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-006-9065-2.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Waechter R, Ma V. Sexual violence in America: public funding and social priority. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(12):2430–7. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302860.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bureau of Justice Statistics. Sexual victimization reported by adult correctional authorities, 2016–2018. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/sexual-victimization-reported-adult-correctional-authorities-2016-2018. Accessed 10 Apr 2024.
"Prison Rape Elimination Act." In: The dictionary of substances and their effects. Royal Society of Chemistry. 1999. http://www.rsc.org/dose/prison-rape-elimination-act. Accessed March 17, 2024.
"Fact Sheet: HIV/AIDS." In: The dictionary of substances and their effects. Royal Society of Chemistry. 1999. http://www.rsc.org/dose/fact-sheet-hiv-aids. Accessed March 17, 2024.
Das S, Ladha S, Klitzman R. Risk Reduction Policies to Reduce HIV in Prisons: Ethical and Legal Considerations and Needs for Integrated Approaches. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 2023;51(2):366–81. https://doi.org/10.1017/jme.2023.86.
"Race and Ethnicity in Prisons." In: The dictionary of substances and their effects. Royal Society of Chemistry. 1999. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/research/race_and_ethnicity/#:~:text=Percent%20of%20people%20in%20prison,who%20are%20Black%3A%2048%25%20%2B Accessed March 19, 2024.
University of Washington. HIV in corrections. HIV Web study. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.hiv.uw.edu/pdf/key-populations/hiv-corrections/core-concept/all. Accessed 19 Mar 2024.
Equal Justice Initiative. Study finds 1 in 32 Alabama adults under correctional control. Equal Justice Initiative. 2023. https://eji.org/news/study-finds-1-in-32-alabama-adults-under-correctional-control/. Accessed 19 Mar 2024.
U.S. Department of justice, Office of justice programs, Bureau of justice statistics. Probation and parole in the United States, 2021. 2023. Retrieved from https://bjs.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh236/files/media/document/ppus21.pdf. Accessed 19 Mar 2024.
Prison Policy Initiative. Alabama profile. 2023. Retrieved from https://www.prisonpolicy.org/profiles/AL.html. Accessed 19 Mar 2024.
Porporino F. Developments and challenges in probation practice: Is there a way forward for establishing effective and sustainable probation systems? European J Probation. 2018;10(4):206622031876471. https://doi.org/10.1177/2066220318764713.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Compendium of evidence-based interventions and best practices for hiv prevention. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/research/interventionresearch/compendium/index.html. Accessed 19 Mar 2024.
Lauby JL, LaPollo AB, Herbst JH, Painter TM, Batson H, Pierre A, Milnamow M. Preventing AIDS through live movement and sound: Efficacy of a theater-based HIV prevention intervention delivered to high-risk male adolescents in juvenile justice settings. AIDS Educ Prev. 2010;22(5):402–16. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2010.22.5.402.
Weir BW, O’Brien K, Bard RS, Casciato CJ, Maher JE, Dent CW, Dougherty JA, Stark MJ. Reducing HIV and partner violence risk among women with criminal justice system involvement: a randomized controlled trial of two motivational interviewing-based interventions. AIDS Behav. 2009;13(3):509–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-008-9422-0.
Schmiege SJ, Broaddus MR, Levin M, Bryan AD. Randomized trial of group interventions to reduce HIV/STD risk and change theoretical mediators among detained adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2009;77(1):38–50. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014513.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Magura S, Kang SY, Shapiro JL. Outcomes of intensive AIDS education for male adolescent drug users in jail. J Adolesc Health. 1994;15(6):457–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/1054-139x(94)90492-l.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wolitski RJ. Relative efficacy of a multisession sexual risk-reduction intervention for young men released from prisons in 4 states. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(10):1854–61. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.056044.
Comments (0)