Meier, R. P. H. et al. International Xenotransplantation Association (IXA) position paper on kidney xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 32, e70003 (2025).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ekser, B. et al. Clinical xenotransplantation: the next medical revolution? Lancet 379, 672–683 (2012).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sucu, S., Yankol, Y., Fernandez, L. A. & Ekser, B. Liver xenotransplantation: a path to clinical reality. Transpl. Int. 37, 14040 (2025).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ekser, B. et al. Impact of thrombocytopenia on survival of baboons with genetically modified pig liver transplants: clinical relevance. Am. J. Transplant. 10, 273–285 (2010).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ekser, B. et al. Hepatic function after genetically engineered pig liver transplantation in baboons. Transplantation 90, 483–493 (2010).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shah, J. A. et al. Prolonged survival following pig-to-primate liver xenotransplantation utilizing exogenous coagulation factors and costimulation blockade. Am. J. Transplant. 17, 2178–2185 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tao, K.-S. et al. Gene-modified pig-to-human liver xenotransplantation. Nature 641, 1029–1036 (2025).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mallapaty, S. First pig-to-human liver transplant recipient ‘doing very well’. Nature 630, 18 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Toal, M. Penn achieves first successful external liver perfusion using a porcine liver. Penn Medicine https://www.pennmedicine.org/news/first-successful-external-liver-perfusion-using-a-porcine-liver (2024).

Law, R. FDA clears eGenesis’ genetically engineered porcine liver for phase I trial. Clinical Trials Arena https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/news/fda-clears-egenesis-genetically-engineered-porcine-liver-for-phase-i-trial/ (2025).