American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed. Washington, D.C. American Psychiatric Association; 2013. p. 947 https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. 2023. Available online at: https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/437815624.
Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network Surveillance Year 2010 Principal Investigators; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years - autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2010. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2014;63(2):1–21
Hyman SL, Levy SE, Myers SM. Council on children with disabilities, section on developmental and behavioral paediatrics. Identification, evaluation, and management of children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics. 2020;145(1):20193447. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-3447.
Ostmeyer K, Scarpa A. Examining school-based social skills program needs and barriers for students with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders using participatory action research. Psychol Schs. 2012;49:932–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21646.
Oakly BF, Tillmann J, Ahmad J, Crawley D, San Jose Caceres A, Holt R, et al. How do core autism traits and associated symptoms relate to quality of life? Findings from the longitidunal European Autism Project. Autism. 2021;25:389–404. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320959959.
Ansari AMA, Janahi MI, AlTourah AJ, Jahrami HA, Rajab MB. Self-reported psychological disorders among the mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and typically developed children. J Neurodev Disord. 2021;13(1):21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11689-021-09369-y.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Shattnawi KK, Bani Saeed WM, Al-Natour A, Al-Hammouri MM, Al-Azzam M, Joseph RA. Parenting a child with autism spectrum disorder: perspective of Jordanian Mothers. J Transcult Nurs. 2021;32(5):474–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659620970634.
Bozkurt G, Uysal G, Düzkaya DS. Examination of care burden and stress coping styles of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. J Pediatr Nurs. 2019;47:142–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2019.05.005.
Leigh JP, Du J. Brief report: forecasting the economic burden of autism in 2015 and 2025 in the United States. J Autism Dev Disord. 2015;45(12):4135–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2521-7.
Hong M, Lee SM, Park S, Yoon SJ, Kim YE, Oh IH. Prevalence and economic burden of autism spectrum disorder in south korea using national health insurance data from 2008 to 2015. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020;50(1):333–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04255-y.
Mendoza RL. The economics of autism in Egypt. Am J Econ Bus Adm. 2010;2(1):12–9.
Durkin MS, Wolfe BL. Trends in autism prevalence in the U.S.: a lagging economic indicator? J Autism Dev Disord. 2020;50(3):1095–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04322-4.
Dawson G, Rogers S, Munson J, Smith M, Winter J, Greenson J, Donaldson A, Varley J. Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: the early start Denver model. Pediatrics. 2010;125(1):e17-23. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0958.
Maenner MJ, Warren Z, Williams AR, Amoakohene E, Bakian AV, Bilder DA, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years - autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2020. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2023;72(2):1–14. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss7202a1.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Qiu S, Lu Y, Li Y, Shi J, Cui H, Gu Y, Li Y, Zhong W, Zhu X, Liu Y, Cheng Y, Liu Y, Qiao Y. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2020;284: 112679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112679.
Bougeard C, Picarel-Blanchot F, Schmid R, Campbell R, Buitelaar J. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder and co-morbidities in children and adolescents: a systematic literature review. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12: 744709. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.744709.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Shrestha M, Basukala S, Thapa N, Shrestha O, Basnet M, Shrestha K, Regmi S, Chhetri ST, Kunwor B. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children in Southeast Asia from 2002 to 2022: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Sci Rep. 2024;7(4): e2005. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.2005.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jiang X, Chen X, Su J, Liu N. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in mainland china over the past 6 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2024;24(1):404. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05729-9.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chiarotti F, Venerosi A. Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders: a review of worldwide prevalence estimates since 2014. Brain Sci. 2020;10(5):274. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10050274.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Metwally AM, et al. National screening for Egyptian children aged 1 year up to 12 years at high risk of Autism and its determinants: a step for determining what ASD surveillance needs. BMC Psychiatry. 2023;23:471. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04977-5.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Auf K, Al-Nagar E, Al-Gendy R, Abd E-R. Screening of autism spectrum disorder by using Gilliam autism rating scale in a sample of Egyptian children attending Bab Al Shareya University Hospital. AL- Azhar J Pediatrics. 2020;23(4):1259–77.
Yousef AM, Roshdy EH, Abdel Fattah NR, Said RM, Atia MM, Hafez EM, Mohamed AE. Prevalence and risk factors of autism spectrum disorders in preschool children in Sharkia, Egypt: a community-based study. Middle East Curr Psychiatry. 2021;28:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-021-00114-8.
Hodges H, Fealko C, Soares N. Autism spectrum disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation. Transl Pediatr. 2020;9(Suppl 1):S55–65. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2019.09.09.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Yuan JJ, Zhao YN, Lan XY, Zhang Y, Zhang R. Prenatal, perinatal and parental risk factors for autism spectrum disorder in China: a case- control study. BMC Psychiatry. 2024;24(1):219. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05643-0.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mkhitaryan M, Avetisyan T, Mkhoyan A, Avetisyan L, Yenkoyan K. A case-control study on pre-, peri-, and neonatal risk factors associated with autism spectrum disorder among Armenian children. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):12308. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-63240-3.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gardener H, Spiegelman D, Buka SL. Perinatal and neonatal risk factors for autism: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2011;128(2):344–55. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-1036.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wang C, Geng H, Liu W, Zhang G. Prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors associated with autism: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(18): e6696. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000006696.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hadders-Algra M. Emerging signs of autism spectrum disorder in infancy: putative neural substrate. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2022;64:1344–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.15333.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Van’T Hof M, Tisseur C, van Berckelear-Onnes I, van Nieuwenhuyzen A, Daniels AM, Deen M, Hoek HW, Ester WA. Age at autism spectrum disorder diagnosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis from 2012 to 2019. Autism. 2021;25(4):862–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320971107.
Lord C, Risi S, DiLavore PS, Shulman C, Thurm A, Pickles A. Autism from 2 to 9 years of age. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(6):694–701.
Mung’ala-Odera V, Meehan R, Njuguna P, Mturi N, Alcock K, Carter JA, et al. Validity and reliability of the “Ten Questions” questionnaire for detecting moderate to severe neurological impairment in children aged 6–9 years in rural Kenya. Neuroepidemiology. 2004;23(1–2):67–72.
Metwally AM, Abdallah AM, El-Din EMS, Zeid DA, Khadr Z, Elshaarawy GA, Elkhatib AA, Elsaied A, Ashaat EA, Elghareeb NA, Abdou MH, Fathy AM, Eldeeb SE, AbdAllah M, Soliman MA, El Banna RAS, Hassanein AK, Rabah TM, Abdelrahman M, Sallam SF. Screening and determinant of suspected developmental delays among Egyptian preschool-aged children: a cross-sectional national community-based study. BMC Pediatr. 2023;23(1):521. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04335-0.
Comments (0)