Hodges JR, Warlow CP (1990) Syndromes of transient amnesia: towards a classification. A study of 153 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53(10):834–843. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.53.10.834

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hsieh SW, Yang YH, Ho BL et al (2020) The long-term risk of epilepsy after transient global amnesia: a population-based cohort study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 197:106086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106086

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee SJ, Lee TK, Bae YJ, Kim M (2024) Increased risk of epilepsy after transient global amnesia: a population-based study in South Korea. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 243:108357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2024.108357

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eschle D (2019) Is transient global amnesia a form of non-convulsive status epilepticus? Adv Clin Neurosci Rehabil 18(4):7–9. https://doi.org/10.47795/UGVD7677

Article  Google Scholar 

Eschle D (2020) Wann ist es (k)eine transiente globale Amnesie? psychopraxis.neuropraxis 23(2):92–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00739-020-00624-w

Article  Google Scholar 

Eschle D (2024) Akuter Gedächtnisverlust: Ist es eine transiente globale Amnesie? Notfall Rettungsmed 27(6):426–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10049-023-01204-2

Article  Google Scholar 

Ropper AH (2023) Transient global amnesia. N Engl J Med 388(7):635–640. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra2213867

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sander D, Bartsch T, Connolly et al (2023) Guideline “Transient Global Amnesia (TGA)” of the German Society of Neurology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie). Neurol Res Pract 5(1):15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42466-023-00240-0

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Werner R, Woehrle JC (2021) Prevalence of mimics and severe comorbidity in patients with clinically suspected transient global amnesia. Cerebrovasc Dis 50(2):171–177. https://doi.org/10.1159/000512602

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Güngör Tunçer Ö, Aksay Koyuncu B, Okudan VZ et al (2015) Vascular ischemia as a cause of transient global amnesia: a patient series. Arch Neuropsychiatr 52(1):59–63

Article  Google Scholar 

Michel P, Beaud V, Eskandari A et al (2017) Ischemic amnesia. Causes and outcome. Stroke 48(8):2270–2273. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.017420

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gindes I, Kimiagar I, Peretz S, Kenan G (2024) Clinical features and prognosis of transient global amnesia in Israel: 6 years’ single-center experience. Acta Neurol Belg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13760-024-02703-w

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eisele P, Baumann S, Noor L et al (2019) Interaction between the heart and the brain in transient global amnesia. J Neurol 266(12):3048–3057. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09529-0

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Szabo K, Hoyer C, Caplan LR et al (2020) Diffusion-weighted MRI in transient global amnesia and its diagnostic implications. Neurology 95(2):e206–e212. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009783

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Higashida K, Okazaki S, Todo K et al (2020) A multicenter study of transient global amnesia for the better detection of magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities. Eur J Neurol 27(11):2117–2124. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14408

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ganeshan R, Betz M, Scheitz JF et al (2022) Frequency of silent brain infarction in transient global amnesia. J Neurol 269(3):1422–1426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-021-10705-4

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Santana J, García-Alfonso C, Martínez A et al (2022) Hippocampal infarction: redefining transient global amnesia. Neurol Sci 43(7):4281–4286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-022-05980-6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simaan N, Honig A, Filioglo A et al (2022) The significance of atrial fibrillation in patients with transient global amnesia. Front Neurol 13:830727. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.830727

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Golenia A, Ferens A, Kolasa A et al (2023) Transient global amnesia—hippocampal lesions in magnetic resonance imaging. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 32(3):106951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106951

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iyigundogdu I, Kaya Z, Girgin G et al (2024) Transient global amnesia and hippocampal diffusion restriction: an overlooked radiological finding. Acta Neurol Belg 124(3):934–947. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13760-024-02485-1

Article  Google Scholar 

Morris KA, Rabinstein AA, Young NP (2020) Factors associated with risk of recurrent transient global amnesia. JAMA Neurol 77(12):1551–1558. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2943

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pritchard PB, Holmstrom VL, Roitzsch JC, Giacinto J (1985) Epileptic amnesic attacks: benefit from antiepileptic drugs. Neurology 35(8):1188–1189. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.35.8.1188

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zeman A, Boniface S, Hodges J (1998) Transient epileptic amnesia: a description of the clinical and neuropsychological features in 10 cases and a review of the literature. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 64(4):435–443. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.64.4.435

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Butler CR, Graham KS, Hodges JR et al (2007) The syndrome of transient epileptic amnesia. Ann Neurol 61(6):587–598. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21111

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ramanan VK, Morris KA, Graff-Radford J et al (2019) Transient epileptic amnesia: a treatable cause of spells associated with persistent cognitive symptoms. Front Neurol 10:939. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2029.00939

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baker J, Savage S, Milton F et al (2021) The syndrome of transient epileptic amnesia: a combined series of 115 cases and literature review. Brain Commun 3(2):fcab36. https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcab038

Article  Google Scholar 

Palmini AL, Gloor P, Jones-Gotman (1992) Pure amnestic seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain 115(3):749–769. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/115.3.749

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vuillemier P, Despland PA, Regli F (1996) Failure to recall (but not to remember): pure transient amnesia during nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Neurology 46(4):1036–1039. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.46.4.1036

Article  Google Scholar 

Tassinari CA, Ciarmatori C, Alesi C et al (1991) Transient global amnesia as a postictal state from recurrent partial seizures. Epilepsia 32(6):882–885. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1991.tb05545.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pukropski J, von Wrede R, Helmstaedter C, Surges R (2022) Transiente epileptische Amnesie – ein seltenes Phänomen bei Temporallappenepilepsien. Nervenarzt 93(12):1193–1205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-022-01364-5

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gallassi R (2006) Epileptic amnesic syndrome: an update and further considerations. Epilepsia 47(S2):103–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00704.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deisenhammer E (1981) Transient global amnesia as an epileptic manifestation. J Neurol 225(4):289–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00313302

Article  CAS  PubMed