Abiramalatha T, Thanigainathan S, Ramaswamy VV et al (2023) Anti-seizure medications for neonates with seizures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10:CD14967

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alharbi HM, Pinchefsky EF, Tran MA et al (2023) Seizure Burden and Neurologic Outcomes After Neonatal Encephalopathy. Neurology 100:e1976–e1984

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bittigau P, Sifringer M, Ikonomidou C (2003) Antiepileptic drugs and apoptosis in the developing brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 993:103–114

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Courchia B, Kurtom W, Pensirikul A et al (2018) Topiramate for Seizures in Preterm Infants and the Development of Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Pediatrics 142:

Glass HC, Soul JS, Chang T et al (2021) Safety of Early Discontinuation of Antiseizure Medication After Acute Symptomatic Neonatal Seizures. JAMA Neurol 78:817–825

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guidotti I, Lugli L, Guerra MP et al (2016) Hypothermia reduces seizure burden and improves neurological outcome in severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: an observational study. Dev Med Child Neurol 58:1235–1241

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huberman MA, Mallar C, Kalika PM (2023) Neonatal Cardiac Arrest Following Lacosamide Treatment: A Case Report. Pediatr Neurol 149:184–186

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hunt AD Jr., Stokes J Jr., Mc CW et al (1954) Pyridoxine dependency: report of a case of intractable convulsions in an infant controlled by pyridoxine. Pediatrics 13:140–145

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hunt RW (2023) Neonatal seizures. Treat! But when, with what and for how long? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 108:552–553

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hunt RW, Liley HG, Wagh D et al (2021) Effect of Treatment of Clinical Seizures vs Electrographic Seizures in Full-Term and Near-Term Neonates: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 4:e2139604

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jewell TI, Carrasco M, Hsu DA et al (2025) Lacosamide Boluses Decreased Seizure Burden and Were Well Tolerated in Neonates With Acute Seizures: A Single-Center Retrospective Case Series. J Child Neurol 40:116–122

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krishnan V, Ujjanappa V, Vegda H et al (2024) Sequential levetiracetam and phenytoin in electroencephalographic neonatal seizures unresponsive to phenobarbital: a multicenter prospective observational study in India. Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia 25:100371

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McHugh DC, Lancaster S, Manganas LN (2018) A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Levetiracetam in Neonatal Seizures. Neuropediatrics 49:12–17

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pacifici GM (2016) Clinical Pharmacology of Phenobarbital in Neonates: Effects, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. Curr Pediatr Rev 12:48–54

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Painter MJ, Scher MS, Stein AD et al (1999) Phenobarbital compared with phenytoin for the treatment of neonatal seizures. N Engl J Med 341:485–489

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pegoraro V, Viellevoye R, Malfilatre G et al (2024) Effectiveness of sodium channel blockers in treating neonatal seizures due to arterial ischemic stroke. Epilepsia. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.18194

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pinchefsky EF, Hahn CD (2017) Outcomes following electrographic seizures and electrographic status epilepticus in the pediatric and neonatal ICUs. Curr Opin Neurol 30:156–164

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pressler R, Hartmann H (2023) Neugeborenenanfälle und neonatal begommemde Epilepsien. In: Kaindl A (Hrsg) Neuropädiatrie. UNI-MED Science, Bremen, S 256–269

Google Scholar 

Pressler RM, Abend NS, Auvin S et al (2023) Treatment of seizures in the neonate: Guidelines and consensus-based recommendations-Special report from the ILAE Task Force on Neonatal Seizures. Epilepsia 64:2550–2570

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pressler RM, Boylan GB, Marlow N et al (2015) Bumetanide for the treatment of seizures in newborn babies with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (NEMO): an open-label, dose finding, and feasibility phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Neurol 14:469–477

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pressler RM, Cilio MR, Mizrahi EM et al (2021) The ILAE classification of seizures and the epilepsies: Modification for seizures in the neonate. Position paper by the ILAE Task Force on Neonatal Seizures. Epilepsia 62:615–628

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sah JP, Javarayee P, Jain S et al (2024) Lacosamide as an Adjunctive Therapy in the Management of Refractory Neonatal Seizures: A Retrospective Study. J Child Neurol. https://doi.org/10.1177/08830738241299137:

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sharpe C, Reiner GE, Davis SL et al (2020) Levetiracetam Versus Phenobarbital for Neonatal Seizures: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatrics 145:

Shellhaas RA, Wusthoff CJ, Tsuchida TN et al (2017) Profile of neonatal epilepsies: Characteristics of a prospective US cohort. Neurology 89:893–899

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sima M, Pokorna P, Hartinger J et al (2018) Estimation of initial phenobarbital dosing in term neonates with moderate-to-severe hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia. J Clin Pharm Ther 43:196–201

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Srinivasakumar P, Zempel J, Trivedi S et al (2015) Treating EEG Seizures in Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatrics 136:e1302–e1309

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Strasser K, Lueckemann L, Kluever V et al (2016) Dose-dependent effects of levetiracetam after hypoxia and hypothermia in the neonatal mouse brain. Brain Res 1646:116–124

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tsuchida TN, Wusthoff CJ, Shellhaas RA et al (2013) American clinical neurophysiology society standardized EEG terminology and categorization for the description of continuous EEG monitoring in neonates: report of the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society critical care monitoring committee. J Clin Neurophysiol 30:161–173

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Rooij LG, Toet MC, van Huffelen AC et al (2010) Effect of treatment of subclinical neonatal seizures detected with aEEG: randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 125:e358–e366

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vanhatalo S, Stevenson NJ, Pressler RM et al (2023) Why monitor the neonatal brain-that is the important question. Pediatr Res 93:19–21

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wilson MP, Plecko B, Mills PB et al (2019) Disorders affecting vitamin B(6) metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 42:629–646

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wusthoff CJ, Numis AL, Pressler RM et al (2025) The American Clinical Neurophysiology Society Guideline on Indications for Continuous Electroencephalography Monitoring in Neonates. J Clin Neurophysiol 42:1–11

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yozawitz E, Stacey A, Pressler RM (2017) Pharmacotherapy for Seizures in Neonates with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy. Paediatr Drugs 19:553–567

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ziobro J, Pilon B, Wusthoff CJ et al (2024) Neonatal Seizures: New Evidence, Classification, and Guidelines. Epilepsy Curr. https://doi.org/10.1177/15357597241253382:

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar