Bender ME, Lipin RB, Goudy SL. Development of the pediatric temporomandibular joint. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2018;30(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coms.2017.09.002.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li CX, Song ZQ, Jin X, Gong ZC, Liu H, Liu X, et al. Interpretation of a clinical practice guideline on the management of chronic pain associated with temporomandibular joint disorders. Chin J Stomatol. 2024;59(10):988–97. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112144-20231229-00313.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Li CX, Liu X, Gong ZC, Liu H, Jumatai S. Effects of condyle on disc status of the reducing and nonreducing anterior disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint based on 3D reconstructive imaging: a pilot study. Quintessence Int. 2023;54(2):156–66. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.qi.b3512027.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dong H, Lei J, Fu K, Zhang Y, He Y. Modified arthroscopic disc repositioning and suturing technique for the treatment of TMJ anterior disc displacement without reduction: a technical note. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2025;53(4):347–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2024.12.012.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang R, Bi R, Liu Y, Cao P, Abotaleb B, Zhu S. Morphological changes of TMJ disc in surgically treated ADDwoR patients: a retrospective study. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22(1):432. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-022-02469-8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li CX, Yu P, Gong ZC, Liu X. Modified minimally invasive surgery in reconstructing the temporomandibular joint disk by transplantation of the temporalis myofascial flap. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023;24(1):7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-023-06128-z.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhuo Z, Cai X, Xie Q. Is anterior disc displacement without reduction associated with temporomandibular joint condylar height in juvenile patients younger than 20 years? J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(5):843–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2014.12.013.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li CX, Liu X, Gong ZC, Jumatai S, Ling B. Morphologic analysis of condyle among different disc status in the temporomandibular joints by three-dimensional reconstructive imaging: a preliminary study. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22(1):395. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-022-02438-1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xie Q, Yang C, He D, Cai X, Ma Z. Is mandibular asymmetry more frequent and severe with unilateral disc displacement? J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2015;43(1):81–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2014.10.013.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhu H, He D, Yang Z, Lu C, Zhao J, Yang C. The effect of condylar regeneration after different disc repositioning surgeries in adolescents with skeletal class II malocclusion. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2021;79(9):1851–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2021.03.011.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ooi K, Inoue N, Matsushita K, Mikoya T, Minowa K, Kawashiri S, et al. Relations between anterior disc displacement and maxillomandibular morphology in skeletal anterior open bite with changes to the mandibular condyle. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020;58(9):1084–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.05.023.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Haketa T, Kino K, Sugisaki M, Takaoka M, Ohta T. Randomized clinical trial of treatment for TMJ disc displacement. J Dent Res. 2010;89(11):1259–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034510378424.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Di Giacomo P, Di Paolo C, Qorri E, Gatto R, Manes Gravina G, Falisi G. Conservative therapies for TMJ closed lock: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Med. 2022;11(23):7037. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11237037.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Altaweel AA, Ismail HA, Fayad MI. Effect of simultaneous application of arthrocentesis and occlusal splint versus splint in management of non-reducing TMJ disc displacement. J Dent Sci. 2021;16(2):732–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2020.08.008.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li Z, Zhou J, Yu L, He S, Li F, Lin Y, et al. Disc-condyle relationship alterations following stabilization splint therapy or arthrocentesis plus hyaluronic acid injection in patients with anterior disc displacement: a retrospective cohort study. Oral Radiol. 2023;39(1):198–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11282-022-00621-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schmitter M, Zahran M, Duc JM, Henschel V, Rammelsberg P. Conservative therapy in patients with anterior disc displacement without reduction using 2 common splints: a randomized clinical trial. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;63(9):1295–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2005.05.294.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zieliński G, Wójcicki M, Baszczowski M, Żyśko A, Litko-Rola M, Szkutnik J, et al. Influence of soft stabilization splint on electromyographic patterns in masticatory and neck muscles in healthy women. J Clin Med. 2023;12(6):2318. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12062318.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Muhtarogullari M, Avci M, Yuzugullu B. Efficiency of pivot splints as jaw exercise apparatus in combination with stabilization splints in anterior disc displacement without reduction: a retrospective study. Head Face Med. 2014;10:42. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-160X-10-42.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Heo HA, Yoon HJ. Clinical outcomes of patients with bilateral anterior disc displacement without reduction and erosive change of the temporomandibular joint after performance of unilateral arthrocentesis and stabilisation splint therapy. J Oral Rehabil. 2020;47(3):307–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.12897.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu Y, Liu S, Fang F. Arthrocentesis vs conservative therapy for the management of TMJ disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2023;124(1S): 101283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jormas.2022.09.004.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu Z, Xie Q, Yang C, Chen M, Bai G, Abdelrehem A. The effect of arthroscopic disc repositioning on facial growth in juvenile patients with unilateral anterior disc displacement. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2020;48(8):765–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2020.05.016.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dong M, Jiao Z, Sun Q, Tao X, Yang C, Qiu W. The magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of condylar new bone remodeling after Yang’s TMJ arthroscopic surgery. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):5219. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84591-1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Song ZQ, Li CX, Gong ZC. A novel combination of treatments for acute anterior disc displacement without reduction of temporomandibular joint. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):4176. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88622-z.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

He D, Yang C, Zhu H, Ellis E 3rd. Temporomandibular joint disc repositioning by suturing through open incision: a technical note. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;76(5):948–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2017.12.006.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wan S, Sun Q, Xie Q, Dong M, Liu Z, Yang C. The retrospective study of magnetic resonance imaging signal intensity ratio in the quantitative diagnosis of temporomandibular condylar resorption in young female patients. J Pers Med. 2023;13(3):378. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13030378.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Song ZQ, Zhang Y, Zhang QB. Clinical evaluation of manual reduction combined with twin-block splint in the treatment of acute anterior temporomandibular joint disk displacement without reduction. Chin J Stomatol. 2022;16(3):144–9. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112144-20230718-00015.

Article  Google Scholar 

Li CX, Liu H, Gong ZC, Liu X, Ling B. Effects of osseous structure based on three-dimensional reconstructive imaging evaluation in the assessment of temporomandibular joint disc position. Clin Oral Investig. 2023;27(4):1449–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-023-04936-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cai XY, Jin JM, Yang C. Changes in disc position, disc length, and condylar height in the temporomandibular joint with anterior disc displacement: a longitudinal retrospective magnetic resonance imaging study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69(11):e340–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2011.02.038.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar