Medicare Drug Price Negotiation.| CMS [Internet]. [cited 2024 Nov 7]. Available from: https://www.cms.gov/inflation-reduction-act-and-medicare/medicare-drug-price-negotiation

H.R.5376–117th Congress. (2021–2022): Inflation Reduction Act of 2022| Congress.gov| Library of Congress [Internet]. [cited 2024 Nov 7]. Available from: https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/5376

Grabowski H, Long G, Mortimer R, Bilginsoy M. Continuing trends in U.S. brand-name and generic drug competition. J Med Econ [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2024 Aug 28];24:908–17. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/https://doi.org/10.1080/13696998.2021.1952795

Blume-Kohout ME, Sood N. Market size and innovation: effects of medicare part D on pharmaceutical research and development. J Public Econ. 2013;97:327–36.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Acemoglu D, Linn J. Market Size in Innovation: Theory and Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry. Q J Econ [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2024 Nov 7];119:1049–90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1162/0033553041502144

Dubois P, de Mouzon O, Scott-Morton F, Seabright P. Market size and pharmaceutical innovation. Rand J Econ [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2024 Nov 7];46:844–71. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-2171.12113

Hitch J, Firth I, Hampson G, Jofre-Bonet M, Garau M, Garrison L et al. The Lower Drug Costs Now Act and Pharmaceutical Innovation [Internet]. 2021. Available from: https://www.ohe.org/publications/lower-drug-costs-now-act-and-pharmaceutical-innovation/

Vogel M, Kakani P, Chandra A, Conti RM. Medicare price negotiation and pharmaceutical innovation following the Inflation Reduction Act. Nature Biotechnology. 2024 42:3 [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Nov 7];42:406–12. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-023-02096-w

Barbosu S, Axelsen K, Ezell S. Evidence to Inform Biopharmaceutical Policy: Call for Research on the Impact of Public Policies on Investment in Drug Development. Health Affairs Scholar [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Nov 7]; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/haschl/qxae129

CBO. H.R. 3, Elijah E. Cummings Lower Drug Costs Now Act [Internet]. 2019 Dec. Available from: https://www.cbo.gov/publication/55936

Adams CP. CBO’s Simulation Model of New Drug Development: Working Paper 2021-09 [Internet]. 2021 Aug. Available from: https://www.cbo.gov/publication/57010

Adams C. CBO’s Model of New Drug Development [Internet]. 2022 Jan. Available from: https://www.cbo.gov/publication/57450

New Letter. Investors and executives urge the Congressional Budget Office to adopt changes to its modeling [Internet]. [cited 2024 Nov 7]. Available from: https://www.nopatientleftbehind.org/resource-materials/modeling-impacts-on-innovating

CBO - A Call for New Research in. the Area of New Drug Development [Internet]. [cited 2024 Nov 7]. Available from: https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59818

Cookson G, Hitch J. OHE Report - Limitations of CBO’s Simulation Model of New Drug Development as a Tool for Policymakers [Internet]. 2022 Jun. Available from: https://www.ohe.org/publications/limitations-cbos-simulation/

Li X, Liu T, Taylor LA. Common ownership and innovation efficiency. J Financ Econ. 2023;147:475–97.

Article  Google Scholar 

Brav A, Jiang W, Kim H. The Real Effects of Hedge Fund Activism: Productivity, Asset Allocation, and Labor Outcomes. Rev Financ Stud [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Jan 15];28:2723–69. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhv037

Brav A, Jiang W, Ma S, Tian X. How does hedge fund activism reshape corporate innovation? J Financ Econ. 2018;130:237–64.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lazonick W, Tulum Ö. US biopharmaceutical finance and the sustainability of the biotech business model. Res Policy. 2011;40:1170–87.

Article  Google Scholar 

Net Present Value (NPV). What It Means and Steps to Calculate It [Internet]. [cited 2024 Nov 7]. Available from: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/npv.asp

Grabowski H, DiMasi JA, Long G. Postapproval innovation for oncology drugs and the inflation reduction act. Health Aff (Millwood). 2024;43:1400–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

DiMasi JA, Hansen RW, Grabowski HG. The price of innovation: new estimates of drug development costs. J Health Econ. 2003;22:151–85.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bogdan DB, Villiger R. Valuation in Life Sciences. Valuation in Life Sciences [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2025 Feb 2];67–303. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-10820-4_3

US Venture Capital. Index and Selected Benchmark Statistics. Cambridge Associates Report. 2018.

DiMasi JA, Grabowski HG, Hansen RW. Innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: New estimates of R&D costs. J Health Econ [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 9];47:20–33. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26928437/

Hay M, Thomas DW, Craighead JL, Economides C, Rosenthal J. Clinical development success rates for investigational drugs. Nature Biotechnology. 2014 32:1 [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2025 Feb 9];32:40–51. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.2786

Wong CH, Siah KW, Lo AW. Estimation of clinical trial success rates and related parameters. Biostatistics [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2025 Feb 9];20:273–86. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29394327/

Thomas D, Burns J, Audette J, Carroll A, Dow-Hygelund C, Hay M. Clinical Development Success Rates 2006–2015. BIO Industry Analysis. 2016.

Goldman D, Grogan J, Lakdawalla D, Liden B, Shafrin J, Than K-S et al. Mitigating the Inflation Reduction Act’s Adverse Impacts on the Prescription Drug Market [Internet]. Los Angeles; 2023 Apr. Available from: https://healthpolicy.usc.edu/research/mitigating-the-inflation-reduction-acts-potential-adverse-impacts-on-the-prescription-drug-market/

Hernandez I, Wouters OJ, Cousin EM, Kirihennedige AS, Sullivan SD. Interpreting The First Round Of Maximum Fair Prices Negotiated By Medicare For Drugs. Health Affairs Forefront [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Nov 7]; Available from: https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/https://doi.org/10.1377/forefront.20240830.863408/full/

Life Sciences Law Alert. Medicare drug price negotiation: Saving money for Medicare, but what about patients?| DLA Piper [Internet]. [cited 2024 Nov 7]. Available from: https://www.dlapiper.com/en/insights/publications/2024/03/medicare-drug-price-negotiation-saving-money-for-medicare-but-what-about-patients

Cline M, Robb M, Holcomb KM. Expected impact of Inflation Reduction Act Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program on Medicare Part D beneficiary out-of-pocket costs [Internet]. 2024 Jun. Available from: https://www.milliman.com/en/insight/ira-mdpnp-impact-on-beneficiary-oop

Whittington MD, Mattingly TJ. Estimating a Drug’s Price After Loss of Exclusivity as a Function of Its Cost of Goods Sold. Appl Health Econ Health Policy [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Feb 10];23:75–83. Available from: https://link.springer.com/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-024-00928-7

Rhuda J, Xie R, Cameron T, Kolchinsky P. HPR171 Estimating the Impacts of Government-Mandated Price Reductions on Indication Expansion for Launched Drugs: A Real-World Study. Value in Health [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Feb 10];27:S308. Available from: http://www.valueinhealthjournal.com/article/S1098301524044590/fulltext

Glover M, Mansoor E, Panhwar M, Parasa S, Cooper GS. Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer in Average Risk Adults 20–39 Years of Age: A Population Based National Study. Dig Dis Sci [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2025 Feb 16];64:3602. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6858534/