China T, Hu SS (eds) (2023) Report on cardiovascular health and diseases in China 2021: an updated summary. J Geriatr Cardiol 20: 399–430

Powell-Wiley TM, Baumer Y, Baah FO, Baez AS, Farmer N, Mahlobo CT, Pita MA, Potharaju KA, Tamura K, Wallen GR (2022) Social determinants of cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 130:782–799

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Christiansen J, Lund R, Qualter P, Andersen CM, Pedersen SS, Lasgaard M (2021) Loneliness, social isolation, and chronic disease outcomes. Ann Behav Med 55:203–215

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Elovainio M, Hakulinen C, Pulkki-Råback L, Virtanen M, Josefsson K, Jokela M, Vahtera J, Kivimäki M (2017) Contribution of risk factors to excess mortality in isolated and lonely individuals: an analysis of data from the UK biobank cohort study. Lancet Public Health 2:e260–e266

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hakulinen C, Pulkki-Råback L, Virtanen M, Jokela M, Kivimäki M, Elovainio M (2018) Social isolation and loneliness as risk factors for myocardial infarction, stroke and mortality: UK biobank cohort study of 479 054 men and women. Heart 104:1536–1542

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xia N, Li H (2018) Loneliness, social isolation, and cardiovascular health. Antioxid Redox Signal 28:837–851

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cornwell EY, Waite LJ (2009) Measuring social isolation among older adults using multiple indicators from the NSHAP study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 64(Suppl 1):i38–46

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Surkalim DL, Luo M, Eres R, Gebel K, van Buskirk J, Bauman A, Ding D (2022) The prevalence of loneliness across 113 countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 376:e067068

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Song Y, Zhu C, Shi B, Song C, Cui K, Chang Z, Gao G, Jia L, Fu R, Dong Q, Feng L, Zhu C, Yin D, Manson JE, Dou K (2023) Social isolation, loneliness, and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: results from two large prospective cohorts in Europe and East Asia and Mendelian randomization. EClinicalMedicine 64:102236

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liang F, Liu F, Huang K, X Y, J L, Q X, X CJL, C CJS, L Y, F L, X W, X W, Y L, D H, Y HJL, X L, and G. D (2020) Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter and cardiovascular disease in China. J Am Coll Cardiol 75:707–717

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lederer AM, Fredriksen PM, Nkeh-Chungag BN, Everson F, Strijdom H, de Boever P, Goswami N (2021) Cardiovascular effects of air pollution: current evidence from animal and human studies. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.

Al-Kindi SG, Brook RD, Biswal S, Rajagopalan S (2020) Environmental determinants of cardiovascular disease: lessons learned from air pollution. Nat Rev Cardiol 17:656–672

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li W, Tian A, Shi Y, Chen B, Ji R, Ge J, Su X, Pu B, Lei L, Ma R, Wang Q, Ban J, Song L, Xu W, Zhang Y, He W, Yang H, Li X, Li T, Li J (2023) Associations of long-term fine particulate matter exposure with all-cause and cause-specific mortality: results from the ChinaHEART project. Lancet Reg Health West Pac 41:100908

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao Y, Hu Y, Smith JP, Strauss J, Yang G (2014) Cohort profile: the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS). Int J Epidemiol 43:61–68

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guo L, An L, Luo F, Yu B (2021) Social isolation, loneliness and functional disability in Chinese older women and men: a longitudinal study. Age Ageing 50:1222–1228

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin Y, Zhu T, Zhang X, Zeng Z (2024) Trends in the prevalence of social isolation among middle and older adults in China from 2011 to 2018: the China health and retirement longitudinal study. BMC Public Health 24:339

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wei J, ZhanqingLyapustin, AlexeiSun LP, YiranXue WS, TianningCribb M (2021) Reconstructing 1-km-resolution high-quality PM2.5 data records from 2000 to 2018 in China: Spatiotemporal variations and policy implications. Remote Sens Environment: Interdisciplinary J 252

Xie W, Zheng F, Yan L, Zhong B (2019) Cognitive decline before and after incident coronary events. J Am Coll Cardiol 73:3041–3050

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li H, Zheng D, Li Z, Wu Z, Feng W, Cao X, Wang J, Gao Q, Li X, Wang W, Hall BJ, Xiang YT, Guo X (2019) Association of depressive symptoms with incident cardiovascular diseases in Middle-Aged and older Chinese adults. JAMA Netw Open 2:e1916591

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S (1992) Confidence interval Estimation of interaction. Epidemiology 3:452–456

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Knol MJ, van der Tweel I, Grobbee DE, Numans ME, Geerlings MI (2007) Estimating interaction on an additive scale between continuous determinants in a logistic regression model. Int J Epidemiol 36:1111–1118

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tan S, Liu D, Zhang Y, Li S, Zhang K, Tang Z, Zuo H (2024) Loneliness, living alone, and risk of cardiovascular disease among older adults in China. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci 79

Bu F, Zaninotto P, Fancourt D (2020) Longitudinal associations between loneliness, social isolation and cardiovascular events. Heart 106:1394–1399

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Valtorta NK, Kanaan M, Gilbody S, Hanratty B (2018) Loneliness, social isolation and risk of cardiovascular disease in the english longitudinal study of ageing. Eur J Prev Cardiol 25:1387–1396

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang X, Ma H, Li X, Heianza Y, Fonseca V, Qi L (2023) Joint association of loneliness and traditional risk factor control and incident cardiovascular disease in diabetes patients. Eur Heart J 44:2583–2591

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Craig H, Ryan J, Freak-Poli R, Owen A, McNeil J, Woods RL, Britt C, Tonkin A, Gasevic D (2022) The association of dispositional optimism and pessimism with cardiovascular disease events in older adults: A prospective cohort study. J Aging Health 34:961–972

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mann F, Wang J, Pearce E, Ma R, Schlief M, Lloyd-Evans B, Ikhtabi S, Johnson S (2022) Loneliness and the onset of new mental health problems in the general population. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 57:2161–2178

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vancampfort D, Lara E, Smith L, Rosenbaum S, Firth J, Stubbs B, Hallgren M, Koyanagi A (2019) Physical activity and loneliness among adults aged 50 years or older in six low- and middle-income countries. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 34:1855–1864

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Akerlind I, Hörnquist JO (1992) Loneliness and alcohol abuse: a review of evidences of an interplay. Soc Sci Med 34:405–414

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jalali S, Karbakhsh M, Momeni M, Taheri M, Amini S, Mansourian M, Sarrafzadegan N (2021) Long-term exposure to PM(2.5) and cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality in an Eastern mediterranean country: findings based on a 15-year cohort study. Environ Health 20:112

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang BY, Guo Y, Markevych I, Qian ZM, Bloom MS, Heinrich J, Dharmage SC, Rolling CA, Jordan SS, Komppula M, Leskinen A, Bowatte G, Li S, Chen G, Liu KK, Zeng XW, Hu LW, Dong GH (2019) Association of Long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants with risk factors for cardiovascular disease in China. JAMA Netw Open 2:e190318

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rod NH, Lange T, Andersen I, Marott JL, Diderichsen F (2012) Additive interaction in survival analysis: use of the additive hazards model. Epidemiology 23:733–737

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hicken MT, Adar SD, Hajat A, Kershaw KN, Do DP, Barr RG, Kaufman JD (2016) Air pollution, cardiovascular outcomes, and social disadvantage: the Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Epidemiology 27:42–50and A.V. Diez Roux

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Frndak S, Cudjoe T, Thorpe RJ Jr., Deng Z, Ward-Caviness CK, Clarke KA, Dickerson AS (2024) Social cohesion as a modifier of joint air pollution exposure and incident dementia. Sci Total Environ 949:175149

Article  CAS  PubMed