Social Exclusion Unit (1999) Bridging the gap: new opportunities for 16–18 year olds not in education, employment or training. The Stationery Office, London

Manhica H, Lundin A, Danielsson A-K (2019) Not in education, employment, or training (NEET) and risk of alcohol use disorder: a nationwide register-linkage study with 485 839 Swedish youths. BMJ Open 9(10):e032888

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Power E, Clarke M, Kelleher I, Coughlan H, Lynch F, Connor D et al (2015) The association between economic inactivity and mental health among young people: a longitudinal study of young adults who are not in employment, education or training. Ir J Psychol Med 32(1):155–160

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Robertson PJ (2019) The casualties of transition: the health impact of NEET status and some approaches to managing it. Br J Guidance Couns 47(3):390–402

Article  Google Scholar 

Ralston K, Everington D, Feng Z, Dibben C, Economic, Inactivity (2021) Not in employment, education or training (NEET) and scarring: the importance of NEET as a marker of long-term disadvantage. Work Employ Soc 36(1):59–79

Article  Google Scholar 

Bäckman O, Nilsson A (2016) Long-term consequences of being not in employment, education or training as a young adult. Stability and change in three Swedish birth cohorts. Eur Soc 18(2):136–157

Article  Google Scholar 

Brandt M, Hank K (2014) Scars that will not disappear: Long-term associations between early and later life unemployment under different welfare regimes. J Social Policy 43(4):727–743

Article  Google Scholar 

Coles B, Godfrey C, Keung A, Parrott S, Bradshaw J (2010) Estimating the life-time cost of NEET: 16–18 year olds not in education, employment or training. University of York, York

Gitschthaler M, Nairz-Wirth E (2018) The individual and economic costs of early school leaving. In: Praag LV, Nouwen W, Caudenberg RV, Clycq N, Timmerman C (eds) Comparative perspectives on early school leaving in the European Union. Routledge, London, pp 59–73

Google Scholar 

Eurostat (2024) Statistics on young people neither in employment nor in education or training. European Union, Luxembourg

Google Scholar 

Filmer-Sankey C, McCrone T (2012) Developing indicators for early identification of young people at risk of temporary disconnection from learning. National Foundation for Educational Research, Slough

Department for Education (2025) Identify and support young people at risk of being NEET. Local authority good practice guidance: Using Risk of NEET Indicators (RONI) to support young people to participate in education, employment and training. Department for Education, Manchester

Rahmani H, Groot W, Rahmani AM (2024) Unravelling the NEET phenomenon: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of risk factors for youth not in education, employment, or training. Int J Adolescence Youth 29(1):2331576

Article  Google Scholar 

Welford P, Danielsson AK, Manhica H (2022) Parental substance use disorder and offspring not in education, employment or training: a National cohort study of young adults in Sweden. Addiction 117(7):2047–2056

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Christoffersen MN, Soothill K (2003) The long-term consequences of parental alcohol abuse: a cohort study of children in Denmark. J Subst Abuse Treat 25(2):107–116

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hafekost K, Lawrence D, O’Leary C, Bower C, Semmens J, Zubrick SR (2017) Maternal alcohol use disorder and child school attendance outcomes for non-Indigenous and Indigenous children in Western Australia: a population cohort record linkage study. BMJ Open 7(7):e015650

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Johnson SE, O’Leary C, Bower C, Lawrence D, Cunningham N, Semmens J, Zubrick SR (2017) Maternal alcohol disorders and school achievement: a population cohort record linkage study in Western Australia. BMJ Open 7(5):e014599

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Berg L, Back K, Vinnerljung B, Hjern A (2016) Parental alcohol-related disorders and school performance in 16-year-olds–a Swedish Nnational cohort study. Addiction 111(10):1795–1803

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gariépy G, Danna SM, Hawke L, Henderson J, Iyer SN (2022) The mental health of young people who are not in education, employment, or training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 57(6):1107–1121

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marmorstein NR, Iacono WG, McGue M (2009) Alcohol and illicit drug dependence among parents: associations with offspring externalizing disorders. Psychol Med 39(1):149–155

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jaaskelainen M, Holmila M, Notkola IL, Raitasalo K (2016) Mental disorders and harmful substance use in children of substance abusing parents: A longitudinal register-based study on a complete birth cohort born in 1991. Drug Alcohol Rev 35(6):728–740

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kuppens S, Moore SC, Gross V, Lowthian E, Siddaway AP (2020) The enduring effects of parental alcohol, tobacco, and drug use on child well-being: A multilevel meta-analysis. Dev Psychopathol 32(2):765–778

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brummer J, Hesse M, Frederiksen KS, Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Bloomfield K (2021) How do register-based studies contribute to our understanding of alcohol’s harms to family members? A scoping review of relevant literature. J Stud Alcohol Drug 82(4):445–456

Article  Google Scholar 

Casswell S, Pledger M, Pratap S (2002) Trajectories of drinking from 18 to 26 years: identification and prediction. Addiction 97(11):1427–1437

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frederiksen KS, Hesse M, Pedersen MU (2023) Problematic parental substance use, childhood family structures and adverse outcomes in young adulthood. Nordic Stud Alcohol Drugs 40(5):502–519

Article  Google Scholar 

Karsberg SH, del Palacio-Gonzalez A, Pedersen MM, Frederiksen KS, Pedersen MU (2023) Do adverse experiences predict unemployment and need of psychiatric help after treatment for drug use disorders? Nordic Stud Alcohol Drugs 40(5):520–535

Article  Google Scholar 

Laugesen K, Ludvigsson JF, Schmidt M, Gissler M, Valdimarsdottir UA, Lunde A, Sørensen HT (2021) Nordic health Rregistry-based research: A review of health care systems and key registries. Clin Epidemiol 13:533–554

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Act on supplementary provisions to the regulation on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (the Data Protection Act), Act No. 502 of 23 May 2018

Chi FW, Alexeeff S, Ahmedani B, Boscarino JA, Waitzfelder B, Dugan R et al (2022) Predicting adolescent alcohol and other drug problems using electronic health records data. J Subst Abuse Treat 132:108487

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peterson PL, Hawkins JD, Abbott RD, Catalano RF (1995) Disentangling the effects of parental drinking, family management, and parental alcohol norms on current drinking by black and white adolescents. In: Boyd GM, Howard J, Zucker RA (eds) Alcohol problems among adolescents: current directions in prevention research. Psychology Press, New York, pp 33–57

Google Scholar 

Bailey JA, Hill KG, Meacham MC, Young SE, Hawkins JD (2011) Strategies for characterizing complex phenotypes and environments: general and specific family environmental predictors of young adult tobacco dependence, alcohol use disorder, and co-occurring problems. Drug Alcohol Depend 118(2–3):444–451

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Miettunen J, Suvisaari J, Haukka J, Isohanni M (2011) Use of register data for psychiatric epidemiology in the nordic countries. In: Tsuang MT, Tohen M, Jones PB (eds) Textbook of psychiatric epidemiology, 3rd edn. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester

Google Scholar 

Tamutienė I, Jogaitė B (2019) Disclosure of alcohol-related harm: children’s experiences. Nordisk Alkohol Nark 36(3):209–222

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Orford J, Copello A, Velleman R, Templeton L (2010) Family members affected by a close relative’s addiction: the stress-strain-coping-support model. Drugs: Educ Prev Policy 17(sup1):36–43

Google Scholar 

Aalto M, Alho H, Halme JT, Seppä K (2009) AUDIT and its abbreviated versions in detecting heavy and binge drinking in a general population survey. Drug Alcohol Depend 103(1–2):25–29

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bradley KA, DeBenedetti AF, Volk RJ, Williams EC, Frank D, Kivlahan DR (2007) AUDIT-C as a brief screen for alcohol misuse in primary care. Alcoholism-Clinical Experimental Res 31(7):1208–1217

Article  Google Scholar 

Foster KT, Hicks BM, Iacono WG, McGue M (2015) Gender differences in the structure of risk for alcohol use disorder in adolescence and young adulthood. Psychol Med 45(14):3047–3058

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kendler KS, Edwards AC, Gardner CO (2015) Sex differences in the pathways to symptoms of alcohol use disorder: a study of opposite-sex twin pairs. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 39(6):998–1007

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Russell M, Cooper ML, Frone MR (1990) The influence of sociodemographic characteristics on Familial alcohol problems: data from a community sample. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 14(2):221–226

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chartier KG, Bares CB, Prom-Wormley EC, Blondino C, Miles K, Lee AG, Karriker-Jaffe KJ (2022) Effects of family history of alcohol problems on alcohol consumption: stronger for medically underserved men. Prev Med 161:107093

Article  PubMed