Hoste EA, Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R, Cely CM, Colman R, Cruz DN et al (2015) Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: the multinational AKI-EPI study. Intensive Care Med 41:1411–1423

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hoste EAJ, Kellum JA, Selby NM, Zarbock A, Palevsky PM, Bagshaw SM et al (2018) Global epidemiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol 14(10):607–625

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang AY, Bellomo R (2018) Renal replacement therapy in the ICU: intermittent hemodialysis, sustained low-efficiency dialysis or continuous renal replacement therapy? Curr Opin Crit Care 24(6):437–442

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fischer KG (2007) Essentials of anticoagulation in hemodialysis. Hemodial Int 11(2):178–189

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Singh S (2020) Anticoagulation during Renal Replacement Therapy. Indian J Crit Care Med 24(Suppl 3):S112–S116

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thanapongsatorn P, Sinjira T, Kaewdoungtien P, Kusirisin P, Kulvichit W, Sirivongrangson P et al (2023) Standard versus no post-filter ionized calcium monitoring in regional citrate anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy (NPC trial). Clin Kidney J 16(9):1469–1479

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Legrand M, Tolwani A (2021) Anticoagulation strategies in continuous renal replacement therapy. Semin Dial 34(6):416–422

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oudemans-van Straaten HM, Kellum JA, Bellomo R (2011) Clinical review: anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy–heparin or citrate? Crit Care 15(1):202

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Morabito S, Pistolesi V, Tritapepe L, Fiaccadori E (2014) Regional citrate anticoagulation for RRTs in critically ill patients with AKI. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 9(12):2173–2188

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kellum JA, Lameire N, Group KAGW (2013) Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of acute kidney injury: a KDIGO summary (Part 1). Crit Care 17(1):204

Article  Google Scholar 

Schneider AG, Journois D, Rimmele T (2017) Complications of regional citrate anticoagulation: accumulation or overload? Crit Care 21(1):281

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou Z, Liu C, Yang Y, Wang F, Zhang L, Fu P (2023) Anticoagulation options for continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care 27(1):222

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Koglberger P, Klein SJ, Lehner GF, Bellmann R, Peer A, Schwarzler D et al (2021) Low bicarbonate replacement fluid normalizes metabolic alkalosis during continuous veno-venous hemofiltration with regional citrate anticoagulation. Ann Intensive Care 11(1):62

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stucker F, Ponte B, Tataw J, Martin PY, Wozniak H, Pugin J et al (2015) Efficacy and safety of citrate-based anticoagulation compared to heparin in patients with acute kidney injury requiring continuous renal replacement therapy: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 19(1):91

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burry LD, Tung DD, Hallett D, Bailie T, Carvalhana V, Lee D et al (2009) Regional citrate anticoagulation for PrismaFlex continuous renal replacement therapy. Ann Pharmcother 43(9):1419–1425

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang Z, Hongying N (2012) Efficacy and safety of regional citrate anticoagulation in critically ill patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med 38(1):20–28

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bai M, Zhou M, He L, Ma F, Li Y, Yu Y et al (2015) Citrate versus heparin anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy: an updated meta-analysis of RCTs. Intensive Care Med 41(12):2098–2110

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pistolesi V, Morabito S, Pota V, Valente F, Di Mario F, Fiaccadori E et al (2023) Regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) in critically ill patients undergoing renal replacement therapy (RRT): expert opinion from the SIAARTI-SIN joint commission. J Anesth Analg Crit Care 3(1):7

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Morabito S, Pistolesi V, Tritapepe L, Vitaliano E, Zeppilli L, Polistena F et al (2013) Continuous veno-venous hemofiltration using a phosphate-containing replacement fluid in the setting of regional citrate anticoagulation. Int J Artif Organs 36(12):845–852

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pistolesi V, Zeppilli L, Polistena F, Sacco MI, Pierucci A, Tritapepe L et al (2017) Preventing continuous renal replacement therapy-induced hypophosphatemia: an extended clinical experience with a phosphate-containing solution in the setting of regional citrate anticoagulation. Blood Purif 44(1):8–15

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zarbock A, Küllmar M, Kindgen-Milles D et al (2020) Effect of regional citrate anticoagulation vs systemic heparin anticoagulation during continuous kidney replacement therapy on dialysis filter life span and mortality among critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 324(16):1629–1639. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.18618

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li R, Gao X, Zhou T, Li Y, Wang J, Zhang P (2022) Regional citrate versus heparin anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ther Apher Dial 26(6):1086–1097

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Monchi M, Berghmans D, Ledoux D, Canivet JL, Dubois B, Damas P (2004) Citrate vs. heparin for anticoagulation in continuous venovenous hemofiltration: a prospective randomized study. Intensive Care Med. 30(2):260–5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Di Mario F, Regolisti G, Greco P, Maccari C, Superchi E, Morabito S et al (2021) Prevention of hypomagnesemia in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury on continuous kidney replacement therapy: the role of early supplementation and close monitoring. J Nephrol 34(4):1271–1279

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zakharchenko M, Leden P, Rulisek J, Los F, Brodska H, Balik M (2016) Ionized magnesium and regional citrate anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy. Blood Purif 41(1–3):41–47

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Godaly G, Carlsson O, Broman M (2016) Phoxilium((R)) reduces hypophosphataemia and magnesium supplementation during continuous renal replacement therapy. Clin Kidney J 9(2):205–210

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zakharchenko M, Los F, Brodska H, Balik M (2016) The effects of high level magnesium dialysis/substitution fluid on magnesium homeostasis under regional citrate anticoagulation in critically Ill. PLoS ONE 11(7):e0158179

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hetzel GR, Schmitz M, Wissing H, Ries W, Schott G, Heering PJ et al (2011) Regional citrate versus systemic heparin for anticoagulation in critically ill patients on continuous venovenous haemofiltration: a prospective randomized multicentre trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 26(1):232–239

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boer W, Verbrugghe W, Hoste E, Jacobs R, Jorens PG (2023) Unapparent systemic effects of regional anticoagulation with citrate in continuous renal replacement therapy: a narrative review. Ann Intensive Care 13(1):16

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schilder L, Nurmohamed SA, Bosch FH, Purmer IM, den Boer SS, Kleppe CG et al (2014) Citrate anticoagulation versus systemic heparinisation in continuous venovenous hemofiltration in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: a multi-center randomized clinical trial. Crit Care 18(4):472

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Khadzhynov D, Schelter C, Lieker I, Mika A, Staeck O, Neumayer HH et al (2014) Incidence and outcome of metabolic disarrangements consistent with citrate accumulation in critically ill patients undergoing continuous venovenous hemodialysis with regional citrate anticoagulation. J Crit Care 29(2):265–271