Whiting DR, Guariguata L, Weil C, Shaw J. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;94(3):311–21.
Yang W, Dall TM, Beronjia K, et al. Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2017. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(5):917–28. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci18-0007.
da Rocha FJ, Ogurtsova K, Linnenkamp U, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas estimates of 2014 global health expenditures on diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;117:48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.04.016.
Motala AA. Diabetes trends in Africa. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2002;18(SUPPL. 3):14–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.284.
Kibirige D, Lumu W, Jones AG, Smeeth L, Hattersley AT, Nyirenda MJ. Understanding the manifestation of diabetes in sub Saharan Africa to inform therapeutic approaches and preventive strategies: a narrative review. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;5(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40842-019-0077-8.
Marathe PH, Gao HX, Close KL. American diabetes association standards of medical care in diabetes. J Diabetes. 2017;9(4):320–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.12524.
Osei-Yeboah J, Owiredu WK, Norgbe GK, et al. Quality of life of people living with type 2 diabetes in Ho, Ghana: a cross-sectional study. Am J Biomed Sci. 2016;8:4.
Meuleneire F. Management of diabetic foot ulcers using dressings with Safetac: a review of case studies. Wounds UK. 2008;4(4):16–30.
Williams R, Karuranga S, Malanda B, et al. Global and regional estimates and projections of diabetes-related health expenditure: results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108072.
Karini K. Assessment of remnant lipoprotein cholesterol (RLP-C) levels and its correlation with carotid intima media thickness in insulin resistant type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Int J Heal Sci Res. 2019;13(June). https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2019/40984.12861.
Hu X, Liu Q, Guo X, et al. The role of remnant cholesterol beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01554-0.
Sandesara PB, Virani SS, Fazio S, Shapiro MD. The forgotten lipids: triglycerides, remnant cholesterol, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk. Endocr Rev. 2019;40(2):537–57.
Sigfrids J. Remnant cholesterol predicts progression of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy in type 1 diabetes. Int J Gen Med. 2021;2:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13298.
Miller YI, Choi SH, Fang L, Tsimikas S. Lipoprotein modification and macrophage uptake: role of pathologic cholesterol transport in atherogenesis. Subcell Biochem. 2010;51:229–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8622-8_8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Shin HK, Kim YK, Kim KY, Lee JH, Hong KW. Remnant lipoprotein particles induce apoptosis in endothelial cells by NAD (P) H oxidase–mediated production of superoxide and cytokines via lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 activation: prevention by cilostazol. Circulation. 2004;109(8):1022–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Jørgensen PG. Cholesterol remnants and triglycerides are associated with decreased myocardial function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2016;8:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-016-0454-x.
Sugden M, Holness M. Pathophysiology of diabetic dyslipidemia: implications for atherogenesis and treatment Pathophysiology of diabetic dyslipidemia : implications for atherogenesis and treatment. Clin Lipidol. 2017;4299:1–12. https://doi.org/10.2217/clp.11.32.
Varbo A, Benn M, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG. Elevated remnant cholesterol causes both low-grade inflammation and ischemic heart disease, whereas elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol causes ischemic heart disease without inflammation. Circulation. 2013;128(12):1298–309.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Schofield JD, Liu Y, Rao-Balakrishna P, Malik RA, Soran H. Diabetes dyslipidemia. Diabetes Ther. 2016;7(2):203–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-016-0167-x.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tremblay AJ, Morrissette H, Gagné JM, Bergeron J, Gagné C, Couture P. Validation of the Friedewald formula for the determination of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with β-quantification in a large population. Clin Biochem. 2004;37(9):785–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.03.008.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ephraim RKD, Acheampong E, Swaray SM, et al. Developing a modified low-density lipoprotein (M-LDL-C) Friedewald’s equation as a substitute for direct LDL-C measure in a Ghanaian population: a comparative study. In: Kostner GM, ed. J Lipids. 2018;2018:7078409. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7078409.
Burnett JR, Hooper AJ, Hegele RA. Remnant cholesterol and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(23):2736–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.10.029.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ephraim RKD, Adu P, Ake E, et al. Normal non-HDL cholesterol, low total cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol levels in sickle cell disease patients in the steady state: a case-control study of Tema Metropolis. J Lipids. 2016;2016:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7650530.
Rahimi Z, Merat A, Haghshenass M, Madani H, Rezaei M, Nagel RL. Plasma lipids in Iranians with sickle cell disease: hypocholesterolemia in sickle cell anemia and increase of HDL-cholesterol in sickle cell trait. Clin Chim Acta. 2006;365(1–2):217–20.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Dedov II, Shestakova MV, Galstyan GR. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the adult population of Russia (NATION study). Diabetes Mellit. 2016;19(2):104–12.
Ram N, Hashmi F, Jabbar A, Ahmed B. Importance of measuring Non-HDL cholesterol in type 2 diabetes patients. J Pak Med Assoc. 2014;64(2):124–8.
Cao YX, Zhang HW, Jin JL, et al. The longitudinal association of remnant cholesterol with cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes and pre-diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-020-01076-7.
Shan Y, Wang Q, Zhang Y, et al. High remnant cholesterol level is relevant to diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lipids Health Dis. 2022;21(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-021-01621-7.
Huh JH, Roh E, Lee SJ, Ihm SH, Han KD, Kang JG. Remnant cholesterol is an independent predictor of type 2 diabetes: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2022;46(2):305–12. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-1550.
Lu W, Resnick HE, Jablonski KA, et al. Non-HDL cholesterol as a predictor of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: the strong heart study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(1):16–23. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.1.16.
Jiang R, Schulze MB, Li T, et al. Non-HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B predict cardiovascular disease events among men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(8):1991–7. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.8.1991.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Liu B, Fan F, Zheng B, et al. Association of remnant cholesterol and lipid parameters with new-onset carotid plaque in Chinese population. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9(August):1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.903390.
Comments (0)