UNAIDS, Global HIV. & AIDS statistics – Fact sheet. https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet (Accessed 25 September 2024).
Mbonye U, Karn J. The cell biology of HIV-1 latency and rebound. Retrovirology. 2024;21:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12977-024-00639-w.
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Zicari S, Sessa L, Cotugno N, Ruggiero A, Morrocchi E, Concato C, et al. Immune activation, inflammation, and Non-AIDS Co-Morbidities in HIV-Infected patients under long-term ART. Viruses. 2019;11:200. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11030200.
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Obare LM, Temu T, Mallal SA, Wanjalla CN. Inflammation in HIV and its impact on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 2024;134:1515–45. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.124.323891.
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Kalada W, Cory TJ, Cory TJ. The importance of tissue sanctuaries and cellular reservoirs of HIV-1. Curr HIV Res. 2022;20:102–10. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570162X20666211227161237.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Katz IT, Ryu AE, Onuegbu AG, Psaros C, Weiser SD, Bangsberg DR, Tsai AC. Impact of HIV-related stigma on treatment adherence: systematic review and meta-synthesis. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16(3 Suppl 2):18640. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.16.3.18640.
Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Grov C, Golub SA, Parsons JT, Brennan M, Karpiak SE. Loneliness and HIV-related stigma explain depression among older HIV-positive adults. AIDS Care. 2010;22:630–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120903280901.
Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Sadowski I, Hashemi FB, I., Hashemi FB. Strategies to eradicate HIV from infected patients: elimination of latent provirus reservoirs. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2019;78:3583–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-019-03156-8
Abner E, Jordan A. HIV shock and kill therapy: in need of revision. Antiviral Res. 2019;166:19–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.03.008.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Debrabander Q, Hensley KS, Psomas CK, Bramer W, Mahmoudi T, van Welzen BJ, et al. The efficacy and tolerability of latency-reversing agents in reactivating the HIV-1 reservoir in clinical studies: a systematic review. J Virus Erad. 2023;9:100342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jve.2023.100342.
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Smith SE, Meldrum BS. The protein kinase C activators, phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate and phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate, are convulsant in the pico-nanomolar range in mice. Eur J Phramacol. 1992;213(1):133–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(92)90242-v.
Dzietko M, Hahnemann M, Polley O, Sifringer M, Felderhoff-Mueser U, Bührer C. Effects of PMA (phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate) on the developing rodent brain. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015(1):318306. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/318306.
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Andrae-Marobela K, Ntumy AN, Mokobela M, Dube M, Sosome A, Muzila M, et al. Now I heal with pride – the application of screens-to-nature technology to indigenous knowledge systems research in Botswana: implications for drug discovery. In: Chibale K, et al. editors. Drug Discovery in Africa. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-; 2012. pp. 239–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28175-4_10.
Patwardhan B, Vaidya ADB. Natural products drug discovery: accelerating the clinical candidate development using reverse pharmacology approaches. Indian J Exp Biol. 2010;48:220–7.
Salehi B, Kumar NV, Şener B, Sharifi-Rad M, Kılıç M, Mahady GB, Vlaisavljevic S, Iriti M, Kobarfard F, Setzer WN, Ayatollahi SA. Medicinal plants used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus. Int J Mol Sci. 2018May 14;19(5):1459. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051459.
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Laila U, Akram M, Shariati MA, Hashmi AM, Akhtar N et al. Role of medicinal plants in HIV/AIDS therapy. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2019;46:1063–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.13151
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ekor M. The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Front Pharmacol. 2014;4:177. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2013.00177.
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Nagata JM, Jew AR, Kimeu JM, Salmen CR, Bukusi EA, Cohen CR. Medical pluralism on Mfango Island: Use of medicinal plants among persons living with HIV/AIDS in Suba District, Kenya. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011:135:501–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.03.051
Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Awodele O, Olayemi SO, Adeyemo TA, Sanya TA, Dolapo DC. Use of complementary medicine amongst patients on antiretroviral drugs in an HIV treatment centre in Lagos, Nigeria. Curr Drug Saf. 2012;7:120–5. https://doi.org/10.2174/157488612802715627.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sibanda M, Naidoo P, Nlooto M. African traditional medicine use amongst people living with HIV/AIDS in Sub-saharan Africa in the era of anti-retroviral therapy. Afr Int J Pub Health. 2016;1:109. https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/african-traditional-medicine-use-amongst-people-living-with-hivaids-insubsaharan-africa-in-the-era-of-antiretroviral-therapy-.pdf.
Okyere J, Ayebeng C, Afriyie Owuwu B, Agbemavi W, Kwarteng Amoako J, Dickson KS. Utilisation of traditional healers among older people living with HIV in South Africa: a WHO SAGE well-being of older people study. AIDS Res Ther. 2023;20(1):40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-023-00537-9.
Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Marwa KJ, Kadodo J, Iddi S, Kapesa A. Herbal medicines use among HIV/AIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy and its influence on viral suppression and CD4 count: A survey at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania. Public Health Pract (Oxf). 2024;7:100492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhip.2024.100492.
Moshabela M, Bukenya D, Darong G, Wamoyi J, McLean E, Skovdal M, et al. Traditional healers, faith healers and medical practitioners: the contribution ofmedical pluralism to bottlenecks along the cascade of care for HIV/AIDS in Eastern and Southern Africa. Sex Transm Infect. 2017;93(Suppl 3):e052974. https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2016-052974.
World Health Organization Draft traditional medicine strategy. 2025–2034. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/tci/draft-traditional-medicine-strategy-2025-2034.pdf?sfvrsn=dd350962_1 (Accessed 25 September 2024).
Tietjen I, Gatonye T, Ngwenya BN, Namushe A, Simonambanga S, Muzila M, et al. Croton megalobotrys Müll Arg. and Vitex doniana (Sweet): Traditional medicinal plants in a three-step treatment regimen that inhibit in vitro replication of HIV-1. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;191:331–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.040.
Chinsembu KC. Ethnobotanical study of plants used in the management of HIV/AIDS-Related diseases in Livingstone, Southern Province, Zambia. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:4238625. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4238625.
Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Richard K, Yuan Z, Tang HY, Goldman AR, Kuthu R, Raphane B et al. Ex vivo and in vivo HIV-1 latency reversal by “Mukungulu” a protein kinase C-activating African medicinal plant extract. bioRxiv. 2024;613141. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.15.613141.
Richard R, Andrae-Marobela K, Tietjen I. An ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants traditionally used by the BaKalanga people of the Tutume subdistrict in Central Botswana to manage HIV/AIDS, HIV-associated conditions, and other health conditions. J Ethnopharmacol. 2023;316:116759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.116759.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Abreu CM, Price SL, Shirk EN, Cunha RD, Pianowski LF, Clements JE, et al. Dual role of Novel Ingenol derivatives from Euphorbia tirucalli in HIV replication: inhibition of De Novo Infection and activation of viral LTR. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e97257. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097257.
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Owor RO, Kawuma C, Nantale G, Kiyimba K, Obakiro SB, Ouma S, et al. Ethnobotanical survey and phytochemistry of medicinal plants used in the management of HIV/AIDS in Eastern Uganda. Heliyon. 2024;10:e31908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31908.
Comments (0)