le Guevelou J, Achard V, Mainta I, Zaidi H, Garibotto V, Latorzeff I, et al. PET/CT-based salvage radiotherapy for recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: impact on treatment management and future directions. Front Oncol. 2021;11:742093.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pound CR, Partin AW, Eisenberger MA, Chan DW, Pearson JD, Walsh PC. Natural history of progression after PSA elevation following radical prostatectomy. JAMA. 1999;281:1591–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roehl KA, Han M, Ramos CG, Antenor JA, Catalona WJ. Cancer progression and survival rates following anatomical radical retropubic prostatectomy in 3,478 consecutive patients: long-term results. J Urol. 2004;172:910–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tilki D, Preisser F, Graefen M, Huland H, Pompe RS. External validation of the European Association of Urology Biochemical Recurrence Risk Groups to Predict Metastasis and Mortality After Radical Prostatectomy in a European Cohort. Eur Urol. 2019;75:896–900.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jackson WC, Suresh K, Tumati V, Allen SG, Dess RT, Salami SS, et al. Intermediate endpoints after postprostatectomy radiotherapy: 5-year distant metastasis to predict overall survival. Eur Urol. 2018;74:413–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Royce TJ, Chen MH, Wu J, Loffredo M, Renshaw AA, Kantoff PW, et al. Surrogate end points for all-cause mortality in men with localized unfavorable-risk prostate cancer treated with radiation therapy vs radiation therapy plus androgen deprivation therapy: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3:652–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Freiberger C, Berneking V, Vögeli TA, Kirschner-Hermanns R, Eble MJ, Pinkawa M. Long-term prognostic significance of rising PSA levels following radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer - focus on overall survival. Radiat Oncol. 2017;12:98.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Choueiri TK, Chen MH, D’Amico AV, Sun L, Nguyen PL, Hayes JH, et al. Impact of postoperative prostate-specific antigen disease recurrence and the use of salvage therapy on the risk of death. Cancer. 2010;116:1887–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cornford P, van den Bergh RCN, Briers E, Van den Broeck T, Cumberbatch MG, De Santis M, et al. EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer. Part II-2020 update: treatment of relapsing and metastatic prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2021;79:263–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schaeffer EM, Srinivas S, Adra N, An Y, Barocas D, Bitting R, et al. Prostate cancer, version 4.2023, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2023;21:1067–96. https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2023.0050.

Morgan TM, Boorjian SA, Buyyounouski MK, Chapin BF, Chen DYT, Cheng HH, et al. Salvage therapy for prostate cancer: AUA/ASTRO/SUO guideline part ii: treatment delivery for non-metastatic biochemical recurrence after primary radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2024;211:518–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rajwa P, Pradere B, Gandaglia G, van den Bergh RCN, Tsaur I, Shim SR, et al. Intensification of systemic therapy in addition to definitive local treatment in nonmetastatic unfavourable prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2022;82:82–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000100.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, Thuku M, Hamel C, Moran J, et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ. 2017;358:j4008.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Munn Z, Moola S, Lisy K, Riitano D, Tufanaru C. Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and cumulative incidence data. Int J Evid Based Health. 2015;13:147–53.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sterne JA, Hernán MA, Reeves BC, Savović J, Berkman ND, Viswanathan M, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355:i4919.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Chandler J, Welch VA, Higgins JP, et al. Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;10:Ed000142.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327:557–60.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986;7:177–88.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Valkenhoef G, Lu G, de Brock B, Hillege H, Ades AE, Welton NJ. Automating network meta-analysis. Res Synth Methods. 2012;3:285–99.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shim SR, Kim SJ, Lee J, Rücker G. Network meta-analysis: application and practice using R software. Epidemiol Health. 2019;41:e2019013.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Woods BS, Hawkins N, Scott DA. Network meta-analysis on the log-hazard scale, combining count and hazard ratio statistics accounting for multi-arm trials: a tutorial. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2010;10:54.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Carrie C, Magné N, Burban-Provost P, Sargos P, Latorzeff I, Lagrange JL, et al. Short-term androgen deprivation therapy combined with radiotherapy as salvage treatment after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer (GETUG-AFU 16): a 112-month follow-up of a phase 3, randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20:1740–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yokomizo A, Wakabayashi M, Satoh T, Hashine K, Inoue T, Fujimoto K, et al. Salvage radiotherapy versus hormone therapy for prostate-specific antigen failure after radical prostatectomy: a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 trial (JCOG0401)†[Formula presented]. Eur Urol. 2020;77:689–98.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goluboff ET, Prager D, Rukstalis D, Giantonio B, Madorsky M, Barken I, et al. Safety and efficacy of exisulind for treatment of recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2001;166:882–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aggarwal R, Alumkal JJ, Szmulewitz RZ, Higano CS, Bryce AH, Lopez-Gitlitz A, et al. Randomized, open-label phase 2 study of apalutamide plus androgen deprivation therapy versus apalutamide monotherapy versus androgen deprivation monotherapy in patients with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer. 2022;2022:5454727.

Beer TM, Bernstein GT, Corman JM, Glode LM, Hall SJ, Poll WL, et al. Randomized trial of autologous cellular immunotherapy with sipuleucel-T in androgen-dependent prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17:4558–67.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Autio KA, Antonarakis ES, Mayer TM, Shevrin DH, Stein MN, Vaishampayan UN, et al. Randomized phase 2 trial of abiraterone acetate plus prednisone, degarelix, or the combination in men with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol Open Sci. 2021;34:70–78.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tran PT, Lowe K, Tsai HL, Song DY, Hung AY, Hearn JWD, et al. Phase II randomized study of salvage radiation therapy plus enzalutamide or placebo for high-risk prostate-specific antigen recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: the SALV-ENZA trial. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41:1307–17.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morris MJ, Mota JM, Lacuna K, Hilden P, Gleave M, Carducci MA, et al. Phase 3 randomized controlled trial of androgen deprivation therapy with or without docetaxel in high-risk biochemically recurrent prostate cancer after surgery (TAX3503). Eur Urol Oncol. 2021;4:543–52.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Freedland SJ, de Almeida Luz M, De Giorgi U, Gleave M, Gotto GT, Pieczonka CM, et al. Improved outcomes with enzalutamide in biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2023;389:1453–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schröder F, Bangma C, Angulo JC, Alcaraz A, Colombel M, McNicholas T, et al. Dutasteride treatment over 2 years delays prostate-specific antigen progression in patients with biochemical failure after radical therapy for prostate cancer: results from the randomised, placebo-controlled avodart after radical therapy for prostate cancer study (ARTS). Eur Urol. 2013;63:779–87.

Article  PubMed