Anwar MA, Al Shehabi TS, Eid AH. Inflammogenesis of secondary spinal cord injury. Front Cell Neurosci. 2016;10:98.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hawthorne AL, Popovich PG. Emerging concepts in myeloid cell biology after spinal cord injury. Neurotherapeutics. 2011;8:252–61.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Klebanoff SJ, Vadas MA, Harlan JM, Sparks LH, Gamble JR, Agosti JM, et al. Stimulation of neutrophils by tumor-necrosis-factor. J Immunol. 1986;136:4220–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shechter R, Miller O, Yovel G, Rosenzweig N, London A, Ruckh J, et al. Recruitment of beneficial M2 macrophages to injured spinal cord is orchestrated by remote brain choroid plexus. Immunity. 2013;38:555–69.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kong XY, Gao J. Macrophage polarization: a key event in the secondary phase of acute spinal cord injury. J Cell Mol Med. 2017;21:941–54.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

An N, Yang J, Wang H, Sun S, Wu H, Li L, et al. Mechanism of mesenchymal stem cells in spinal cord injury repair through macrophage polarization. Cell Biosci. 2021;11:41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kigerl KA, Gensel JC, Ankeny DP, Alexander JK, Donnelly DJ, Popovich PG. Identification of two distinct macrophage subsets with divergent effects causing either neurotoxicity or regeneration in the injured mouse spinal cord. J Neurosci. 2009;29:13435–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Campbell L, Saville CR, Murray PJ, Cruickshank SM, Hardman MJ. Local arginase 1 activity is required for cutaneous wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133:2461–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gensel JC, Zhang B. Macrophage activation and its role in repair and pathology after spinal cord injury. Brain Res. 2015;1619:1–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clifford T, Finkel Z, Rodriguez B, Joseph A, Cai L. Current advancements in spinal cord injury research-glial scar formation and neural regeneration. Cells. 2023;12:853.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hellenbrand DJ, Reichl KA, Travis BJ, Filipp ME, Khalil AS, Pulito DJ, et al. Sustained interleukin-10 delivery reduces inflammation and improves motor function after spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation. 2019;16:93.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ma SF, Chen YJ, Zhang JX, Shen L, Wang R, Zhou JS, et al. Adoptive transfer of M2 macrophages promotes locomotor recovery in adult rats after spinal cord injury. Brain Behav Immun. 2015;45:157–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Popovich PG, Guan Z, Wei P, Huitinga I, van Rooijen N, Stokes BT. Depletion of hematogenous macrophages promotes partial hindlimb recovery and neuroanatomical repair after experimental spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol. 1999;158:351–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ginhoux F, Lim S, Hoeffel G, Low D, Huber T. Origin and differentiation of microglia. Front Cell Neurosci. 2013;7:45.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Clemente CD, Windle WF. Regeneration of severed nerve fibers in the spinal cord of the adult cat. J Comp Neurol. 1954;101:691–731.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guth L, Zhang Z, DiProspero NA, Joubin K, Fitch MT. Spinal cord injury in the rat: treatment with bacterial lipopolysaccharide and indomethacin enhances cellular repair and locomotor function. Exp Neurol. 1994;126:76–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Popovich PG, Tovar CA, Wei P, Fisher L, Jakeman LB, Basso DM. A reassessment of a classic neuroprotective combination therapy for spinal cord injured rats: LPS/pregnenolone/indomethacin. Exp Neurol. 2012;233:677–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galili U. Anti-Gal: an abundant human natural antibody of multiple pathogeneses and clinical benefits. Immunology. 2013;140:1–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Galili U, Zhu Z, Chen J, Goldufsky JW, Schaer GL. Near complete repair after myocardial infarction in adult mice by altering the inflammatory response with intramyocardial injection of alpha-gal nanoparticles. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:719160.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kaymakcalan OE, Abadeer A, Goldufsky JW, Galili U, Karinja SJ, Dong X, et al. Topical alpha-gal nanoparticles accelerate diabetic wound healing. Exp Dermatol. 2020;29:404–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahuja CS, Wilson JR, Nori S, Kotter MRN, Druschel C, Curt A, et al. Traumatic spinal cord injury. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17018.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alizadeh A, Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Traumatic spinal cord injury: an overview of pathophysiology, models and acute injury mechanisms. Front Neurol. 2019;10:282.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Joshi M, Fehlings MG. Development and characterization of a novel, graded model of clip compressive spinal cord injury in the mouse: Part 1 Clip design, behavioral outcomes, and histopathology. J Neurotrauma. 2002;19:175–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galili U, Wigglesworth K, Abdel-Motal UM. Accelerated healing of skin burns by anti-Gal/α-gal liposomes interaction. Burns. 2010;36:239–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wigglesworth KM, Racki WJ, Mishra R, Szomolanyi-Tsuda E, Greiner DL, Galili U. Rapid recruitment and activation of macrophages by anti-Gal/alpha-Gal liposome interaction accelerates wound healing. J Immunol. 2011;186:4422–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galili U. Antibody production and tolerance to the alpha-gal epitope as models for understanding and preventing the immune response to incompatible ABO carbohydrate antigens and for alpha-gal therapies. Front Mol Biosci. 2023;10:1209974.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hurwitz ZM, Ignotz R, Lalikos JF, Galili U. Accelerated porcine wound healing after treatment with α-gal nanoparticles. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;129:242e-e251.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luo J, Borgens R, Shi R. Polyethylene glycol immediately repairs neuronal membranes and inhibits free radical production after acute spinal cord injury. J Neurochem. 2002;83:471–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahn M, Lee C, Jung K, Kim H, Moon C, Sim KB, et al. Immunohistochemical study of arginase-1 in the spinal cords of rats with clip compression injury. Brain Res. 2012;1445:11–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gao W, Li JM. Targeted siRNA delivery reduces nitric oxide mediated cell death after spinal cord injury. J Nanobiotechnology. 2017;15:38.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hata K, Fujitani M, Yasuda Y, Doya H, Saito T, Yamagishi S, et al. RGMa inhibition promotes axonal growth and recovery after spinal cord injury. J Cell Biol. 2006;173:47–58.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Niemi JP, DeFrancesco-Oranburg T, Cox A, Lindborg JA, Echevarria FD, McCluskey J, et al. The conditioning lesion response in dorsal root ganglion neurons is inhibited in oncomodulin knock-out mice. eNeuro. 2022;9:ENEURO-0477.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Urban MW, Ghosh B, Block CG, Strojny LR, Charsar BA, Goulao M, et al. Long-distance axon regeneration promotes recovery of diaphragmatic respiratory function after spinal cord injury. eNeuro. 2019;6:ENEURO-0096.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carter RJ, Morton J, Dunnett SB. Motor coordination and balance in rodents. Curr Protoc Neurosci. 2001;15:8–12.

Google Scholar 

Harrison DJ, Busse M, Openshaw R, Rosser AE, Dunnett SB, Brooks SP. Exercise attenuates neuropathology and has greater benefit on cognitive than motor deficits in the R6/1 Huntington’s disease mouse model. Exp Neurol. 2013;248:457–69.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tung VW, Burton TJ, Quail SL, Mathews MA, Camp AJ. Motor performance is impaired following vestibular stimulation in ageing mice. Front Aging Neurosci. 2016;8:12.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wagner JM, Sichler ME,