Statistics Canada (2020) The Daily — Canadian Community Health Survey, 2019. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/200806/dq200806a-eng.htm

Chiu M, Amartey A, Wang X, Kurdyak P (2018) Ethnic Differences in Mental Health Status and Service utilization: a Population-based study in Ontario, Canada. Can J Psychiatry 63:481–491. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743717741061

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

O’Keefe VM, Wingate LR, Cole AB et al (2015) Seemingly harmless racial communications are not so harmless: racial microaggressions lead to suicidal ideation by way of Depression symptoms. Suicide Life Threat Behav 45:567–576. https://doi.org/10.1111/SLTB.12150

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goodwill JR, Taylor RJ, Watkins DC (2021) Everyday discrimination, depressive symptoms, and suicide ideation among African American men. Arch Suicide Res 25:74–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2019.1660287

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brooks JR, Madubata IJ, Jewell RD et al (2021) Depression and suicide ideation: the role of Self-Acceptance for Black Young adults. https://doi.org/101177/00957984211037440

Assari S, Lankarani MM, Caldwell CH Discrimination increases suicidal ideation in Black adolescents regardless of ethnicity and gender. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs7040075

Okoye HU, Saewyc E (2021) Fifteen-year trends in self-reported racism and link with health and well-being of African Canadian adolescents: a secondary data analysis. Int J Equity Health 20:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12939-021-01446-X/TABLES/7

Article  Google Scholar 

Slopen N, Shonkoff JP, Albert MA et al (2016) Interactions with Family Immigration History and Income. Am J Prev Med 50:47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.013

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zimmerman GM, Messner SF (2013) Individual, family background, and contextual explanations of racial and ethnic disparities in youths’ exposure to violence. Public Health 103:435–442. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300931

Article  Google Scholar 

Williams MT, Khanna Roy A, MacIntyre M-P, Faber S (2022) The Traumatizing Impact of Racism in canadians of Colour. Curr Trauma Rep 8:17–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40719-022-00225-5

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abdillahi I, Shaw A (2020) Social determinants and inequities in health for black canadians. a snapshot

Sanchez YM, Lambert SF, Ialongo NS (2011) Adverse life events and depressive symptoms in African American Youth: the role of control-related beliefs. Depress Res Treat 2011:13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/871843

Article  Google Scholar 

Franko DL, Striegel-Moore RH, Brown KM et al (2004) Expanding our understanding of the relationship between negative life events and depressive symptoms in black and white adolescent girls. Psychol Med 34:1319–1330. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291704003186

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Opara I, Assan MA, Pierre K et al (2020) Suicide among Black children: an Integrated Model of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide and intersectionality theory for researchers and clinicians: https://doi.org/101177/0021934720935641. 51:611–631. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934720935641

Lewis JA, Mendenhall R, Ojiemwen A et al (2021) Racial microaggressions and sense of belonging at a historically White University. Am Behav Sci 65:1049–1071. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219859613

Article  Google Scholar 

Hollingsworth DW, Cole AB, O’Keefe VM et al (2017) Experiencing racial microaggressions influences suicide ideation through perceived burdensomeness in African americans. J Couns Psychol 64:104–111. https://doi.org/10.1037/COU0000177

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Joiner T (2005) Why People Die by Suicide

Christensen H, Batterham PJ, Mackinnon AJ et al (2014) Predictors of the risk factors for suicide identified by the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behaviour. Psychiatry Res 219:290–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSYCHRES.2014.05.029

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Walker RL, Salami TK, Carter SE, Flowers K (2014) Perceived racism and suicide ideation: Mediating Role of Depression but Moderating Role of Religiosity among African American adults. Suicide Life Threat Behav 44:548–559. https://doi.org/10.1111/SLTB.12089

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Van Orden KA, Witte TK, Cukrowicz KC et al (2010) The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychol Rev 117:575. https://doi.org/10.1037/A0018697

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cole AB, Wingate LRR, Slish ML et al (2013) Burdensomeness, depression, and suicide in a sample of american-indian college students. Ethn Inequal Health Soc Care 6:77–86. https://doi.org/10.1108/EIHSC-10-2013-0026

Article  Google Scholar 

Caro-Cañizares I, Vila MM, Durán Pacheco JI, Carballo JJ (2023) Interpersonal theory of suicide and stressful life events in a clinical sample of adolescents in Spain. Early Interv Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.13438

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cénat JM, Farahi SMMM, Dalexis RD (2023) Prevalence and determinants of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among black individuals in Canada in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res 326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115341

Cénat JM, Kogan C, Noorishad PG et al (2021) Prevalence and correlates of depression among black individuals in Canada: the major role of everyday racial discrimination. Depress Anxiety 38:886–895. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23158

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cénat JM, Hajizadeh S, Dalexis RDRD et al (2022) Prevalence and effects of daily and major experiences of racial discrimination and microaggressions among black individuals in Canada. J Interpers Violence 37:NP16750–NP16778. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211023493

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cénat JM, Hajizadeh S, Dalexis RD et al (2022) Prevalence and effects of Daily and Major experiences of racial discrimination and microaggressions among black individuals in Canada. J Interpers Violence 37:NP16750–NP16778. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211023493

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cénat JM, Dalexis RD, Darius WP et al (2023) Prevalence of current PTSD symptoms among a sample of black individuals aged 15 to 40 in Canada: the major role of everyday racial discrimination, racial microaggresions, and internalized racism. Can J Psychiatry 68:178–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437221128462

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kogan CS, Noorishad P-G, Ndengeyingoma A et al (2022) Prevalence and correlates of anxiety symptoms among black people in Canada: a significant role for everyday racial discrimination and racial microaggressions. J Affect Disord 308:545–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAD.2022.04.110

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Radloff LS (1977) The CES-D scale: a self-report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population. Appl Psychol Meas 1:385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306

Article  Google Scholar 

Andresen EM, Malmgren JA, Carter WB, Patrick DL (1994) Screening for depression in well older adults: evaluation of a short form of the CES-D. Am J Prev Med 10:77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(18)30622-6

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chae DH, Powell WA, Nuru-Jeter AM et al (2017) The role of racial identity and implicit racial Bias in Self-reported racial discrimination: implications for Depression among African American men. J Black Psychol 43:789–812. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798417690055

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mohebbi M, Nguyen V, McNeil JJ et al (2018) Psychometric properties of a short form of the Center for epidemiologic studies Depression (CES-D-10) scale for screening depressive symptoms in healthy community dwelling older adults. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 51:118–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.08.002

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

James C, Powell M, Seixas A et al (2020) Exploring the psychometric properties of the CES-D-10 and its practicality in detecting depressive symptomatology in 27 low- and middle-income countries. Int J Psychol 55:435–445. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12613

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang W, O’Brien N, Forrest JI et al (2012) Validating a shortened depression scale (10 item CES-D) among HIV-Positive people in British Columbia, Canada. PLoS ONE 7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040793

Dohrenwend BP (2006) Inventorying stressful life events as risk factors for psychopathology: toward resolution of the problem of intracategory variability. Psychol Bull 132:477–495. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.477

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kubany ES, Leisen MB, Kaplan AS et al (2000) Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: the traumatic life events Questionnaire. Psychol Assess 12:210–224. https://doi.org/10.1037//1040-3590.12.2.210

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Molina KM, James D (2016) Discrimination, internalized racism, and depression: a comparative study of African American and afro-caribbean adults in the US. Group Processes Intergroup Relations 19:439–461. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430216641304

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mercer SH, Zeigler-Hill V, Wallace M, Hayes DMM (2011) Development and initial validation of the inventory of microaggressions against black individuals. J Couns Psychol 58:457–469. https://doi.org/10.1037/A0024937

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cénat JM, Smith K, Hébert M, Derivois D (2019) Cybervictimization and suicidality among French undergraduate students: a mediation model. J Affect Disord 249:90–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.02.026

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cénat JM, Blais M, Hébert M et al (2015) Correlates of bullying in Quebec high school students: the vulnerability of sexual-minority youth. J Affect Disord 183:315–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAD.2015.05.011

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Igartua JJ, Hayes AF (2021) Mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: concepts, computations, and some common confusions. Span J Psychol 24. https://doi.org/10.1017/SJP.2021.46

Hayes AF (2018) Partial, conditional, and moderated moderated mediation: quantification, inference, and interpretation. Commun Monogr 85:4–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1352100

Article  Google Scholar 

Hayes AF (2019) Appendix A - Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis. 2507:1–9

Ivey-Stephenson AZ, Demissie Z, Crosby AE et al (2020) Suicidal ideation and behaviors among High School Students — Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2019. MMWR Suppl 69:47–55. https://doi.org/10.15585/MMWR.SU6901A6

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central