*Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA

†Institute for Technology Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA

‡School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX

§Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX

∥Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC

¶Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL

#Department of Surgery, Augusta University at the Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA

**Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN

††Thoracic Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH

‡‡Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD

§§Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA

∥∥Department of Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX

¶¶Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI

##Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI

***Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA

†††Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO

‡‡‡Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

The authors declare that they have nothing to disclose.

[email protected].

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