COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. Worldometer (accessed 1 September 2023); https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
Oran, D. P. & Topol, E. J. Prevalence of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: a narrative review. Ann. Intern. Med. 173, 362–367 (2020).
Niazkar, H. R., Zibaee, B., Nasimi, A. & Bahri, N. The neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a review article. Neurol. Sci. 41, 1667–1671 (2020).
Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Jiang, F. et al. Review of the clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J. Gen. Intern. Med. 35, 1545–1549 (2020).
Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Guerrero, J. I. et al. Central and peripheral nervous system involvement by COVID-19: a systematic review of the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, neuropathology, neuroimaging, electrophysiology, and cerebrospinal fluid findings. BMC Infect. Dis. 21, 515 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Twohig, K. A. et al. Hospital admission and emergency care attendance risk for SARS-CoV-2 delta (B.1.617.2) compared with alpha (B.1.1.7) variants of concern: a cohort study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 22, 35–42 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Taquet, M. et al. Neurological and psychiatric risk trajectories after SARS-CoV-2 infection: an analysis of 2-year retrospective cohort studies including 1 284 437 patients. Lancet Psychiatry 9, 815–827 (2022). This paper provides a comparison of neurological and psychiatric outcomes the Delta and Omicron variants, thus helping to understand the risks for neurological and psychiatric disorders upon SARS-CoV-2 infection at an individual and population level.
Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Nyberg, T. et al. Comparative analysis of the risks of hospitalisation and death associated with SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) and delta (B.1.617.2) variants in England: a cohort study. Lancet 399, 1303–1312 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Menni, C. et al. Symptom prevalence, duration, and risk of hospital admission in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 during periods of omicron and delta variant dominance: a prospective observational study from the ZOE COVID Study. Lancet 399, 1618–1624 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Christensen, P. A. et al. Signals of significantly increased vaccine breakthrough, decreased hospitalization rates, and less severe disease in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 caused by the omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Houston, Texas. Am. J. Pathol. 192, 642–652 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Mayr, F. B. et al. COVID-19 disease severity in US veterans infected during Omicron and Delta variant predominant periods. Nat. Commun. 13, 3647 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
von Bartheld, C. S. & Wang, L. Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction with the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cells 12, 430 (2023).
Boscolo-Rizzo, P. et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related smell and taste impairment with widespread diffusion of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 12, 1273–1281 (2022).
Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Peña Rodríguez, M. et al. Prevalence of symptoms, comorbidities, and reinfections in individuals infected with wild-type SARS-CoV-2, Delta, or Omicron variants: a comparative study in western Mexico. Front. Public Health 11, 1149795 (2023).
Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Soriano, J. B. et al. A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus. Lancet Infect. Dis. 22, e102–e107 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Canas, L. S. et al. Profiling post-COVID-19 condition across different variants of SARS-CoV-2: a prospective longitudinal study in unvaccinated wild-type, unvaccinated alpha-variant, and vaccinated delta-variant populations. Lancet Digit. Health 5, e421–e434 (2023).
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Magnusson, K. et al. Post-covid medical complaints following infection with SARS-CoV-2 omicron vs delta variants. Nat. Commun. 13, 7363 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Antonelli, M., Pujol, J. C., Spector, T. D., Ourselin, S. & Steves, C. J. Risk of long COVID associated with delta versus omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2. Lancet 399, 2263–2264 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Brannock, M. D. et al. Long COVID risk and pre-COVID vaccination in an EHR-based cohort study from the RECOVER program. Nat. Commun. 14, 2914 (2023). This paper presents a population-based study comparing the risk of post-COVID-19 in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals.
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Yang, A. C. et al. Dysregulation of brain and choroid plexus cell types in severe COVID-19. Nature 595, 565–571 (2021). This paper presents a molecular analysis of the cerebral cortex and of human COVID-19 autopsy cases and shows brain barrier inflammation and altered cellular communication via chemokines as well as synaptic alterations, although no viral particles could be detected in the brain tissue.
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Wenzel, J. et al. The SARS-CoV-2 main protease Mpro causes microvascular brain pathology by cleaving NEMO in brain endothelial cells. Nat. Neurosci. 24, 1522–1533 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Farhadian, S. et al. Acute encephalopathy with elevated CSF inflammatory markers as the initial presentation of COVID-19. BMC Neurol. 20, 248 (2020).
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Williams, A. et al. A comprehensive review of COVID-19 biology, diagnostics, therapeutics, and disease impacting the central nervous system. J. Neurovirol. 25, 667–690 (2021).
De Melo, G. D. et al. Neuroinvasion and anosmia are independent phenomena upon infection with SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Nat. Commun. 14, 4485 (2023). This paper presents a comparison of the neuroinvasive potential as well as the occurrence of anosmia with different VOCs of SARS-CoV-2 in a hamster model.
Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Yang, J.-H. et al. Delta (B1.617.2) variant of SARS-CoV-2 induces severe neurotropic patterns in K18-hACE2 mice. Sci. Rep. 13, 3303 (2023).
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Seehusen, F. et al. Neuroinvasion and neurotropism by SARS-CoV-2 variants in the K18-hACE2 mouse. Viruses 14, 1020 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Bauer, L. et al. In vitro and in vivo differences in neurovirulence between D614G, Delta And Omicron BA.1 SARS-CoV-2 variants. Acta Neuropathol. Commun. 10, 124 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Erickson, M. A. et al. Blood-brain barrier penetration of non-replicating SARS-CoV-2 and S1 variants of concern induce neuroinflammation which is accentuated in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Behav. Immun. 109, 251–268 (2023).
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Moldofsky, H. & Patcai, J. Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, depression and disordered sleep in chronic post-SARS syndrome; a case-controlled study. BMC Neurol. 11, 37 (2011).
Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Ahmed, H. et al. Long-term clinical outcomes in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreaks after hospitalisation or ICU admission: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Rehabil. Med. 52, jrm00063 (2020).
Choutka, J., Jansari, V., Hornig, M. & Iwasaki, A. Unexplained post-acute infection syndromes. Nat. Med. 28, 911–923 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lee, M.-H. et al. Microvascular injury in the brains of patients with covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med. 384, 481–483 (2020).
Maximova, O. A. et al. Virus infection of the CNS disrupts the immune-neural-synaptic axis via induction of pleiotropic gene regulation of host responses. eLife 10, e62273 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Abdullah, A. et al. STING-mediated type-I interferons contribute to the neuroinflammatory process and detrimental effects following traumatic brain injury. J. Neuroinflammation 15, 323 (2018).
Article CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar
Wefel, J. S., Kesler, S. R., Noll, K. R. & Schagen, S. B. Clinical characteristics, pathophysiology, and management of noncentral nervous system cancer-related cognitive impairment in adults: cancer-related cognitive impairment. CA Cancer J. Clin. 65, 123–138 (2015).
Henn, R. E. et al. Obesity-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in young adult versus middle-aged mice. Immun
Comments (0)