Phipps MS, Cronin CA. Management of acute ischemic stroke. BMJ. 2020;368:l6983. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l6983.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang YJ, Li ZX, Gu HQ, Zhai Y, Jiang Y, Zhao XQ, et al. China Stroke statistics 2019: a Report from the National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Neurological Diseases, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, the Chinese Stroke Association, National Center for Chronic and non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2020;5(3):211–39. https://doi.org/10.1136/svn-2020-000457. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and Institute for Global Neuroscience and Stroke Collaborations.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang YJ, Li ZX, Gu HQ, Zhai Y, Zhou Q, Jiang Y, et al. China Stroke statistics: an update on the 2019 report from the National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Neurological Diseases, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, the Chinese Stroke Association, National Center for Chronic and non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2022;7(5):415–50. https://doi.org/10.1136/svn-2021-001374. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and Institute for Global Neuroscience and Stroke Collaborations.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ma Q, Li R, Wang L, Yin P, Yang Y, Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Temporal trend and attributable risk factors of Stroke burden in China, 1990–2019: an analysis for the. The Lancet Public Health. 2021;6(12):e897–e906. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00228-0.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu J, Zhang X, Jin A, Pan Y, Li Z, Meng X, et al. Trends and Risk factors Associated with Stroke recurrence in China, 2007–2018. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(6):e2216341. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.16341.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen Y, Wright N, Guo Y, Turnbull I, Kartsonaki C, Yang L, et al. Mortality and recurrent vascular events after first incident Stroke: a 9-year community-based study of 0·5 million Chinese adults. The Lancet Global Health. 2020;8(4):e580–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30069-3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Xu J, Zhao X, Wang D, Wang C, Liu L, et al. Association of Hypertension with Stroke recurrence depends on ischemic Stroke subtype. Stroke. 2013;44(5):1232–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000302.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Angelantonio ED, Sarwar N, Perry P, Kaptoge S, Ray KK, et al. Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vascular disease. J Vasc Surg. 2009;18(302):1993–2000. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1619.

Article  Google Scholar 

Park SY, Gautier JF, Chon S. Assessment of insulin secretion and insulin resistance in human. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal. 2021;45(5):641–54. https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0220.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hill MA, Yang Y, Zhang L, Sun Z, Jia G, Parrish AR et al. Insulin resistance, cardiovascular stiffening and cardiovascular disease. Metabolism. 2021; 119(2021):154766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154766.

Deng XL, Liu Z, Wang C, Li Y, Cai Z. Insulin resistance in ischemic Stroke. Metab Brain Dis. 2017;32(5):1323–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-017-0050-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ago T, Matsuo R, Hata J, Wakisaka Y, Kuroda J, Kitazono T, et al. Insulin resistance and clinical outcomes after acute ischemic Stroke. Neurology. 2018;90(17):e1470–7. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000005358.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pan Y, Jing J, Chen W, Zheng H, Jia Q, Mi D, et al. Post-glucose load measures of insulin resistance and prognosis of nondiabetic patients with ischemic Stroke. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(1):e004990. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.004990.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chouchani ET, Kajimura S. Metabolic adaptation and maladaptation in adipose tissue. Nat Metab. 2019;1(2):189–200. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-018-0021-8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang K, Pan H, Wang L, Yang H, Zhu H, Gong F. Adipose tissue insulin resistance is closely associated with metabolic syndrome in Northern Chinese populations. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes: Targets Ther. 2021;14:1117–28. https://doi.org/10.2147/dmso.s291350.

Longo M, Zatterale F, Naderi J, Parrillo L, Formisano P, Raciti GA, et al. Adipose tissue dysfunction as determinant of obesity-Associated Metabolic Complications. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(9):2358. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092358.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jiang J, Cai X, Pan Y, Du X, Zhu H, Yang X, et al. Relationship of obesity to adipose tissue insulin resistance. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020;8(1):e000741. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000741.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jorge-Galarza E, Posadas-Romero C, Torres-Tamayo M, Medina-Urrutia AX, Rodas-Diaz MA, Posadas-Sanchez R et al. Insulin resistance in adipose tissue but not in liver is associated with aortic valve calcification. Disease markers. 2016;2016:9085474. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9085474.

Wang Y, Jing J, Meng X, Pan Y, Wang Y, Zhao X, et al. The third China National Stroke Registry (CNSR-III) for patients with acute ischaemic Stroke or transient ischaemic Attack: design, rationale and baseline patient characteristics. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2019;4(3):158–64. https://doi.org/10.1136/svn-2019-000242.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Listed N. Stroke–1989. Recommendations on Stroke prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Report of the WHO Task Force on Stroke and other Cerebrovascular disorders. Stroke. 1989;20(10):1407–31. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.20.10.1407.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jr HPA, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic Stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke. 1993;24(1):35–41. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.24.1.35.

Elm Ev, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, andenbroucke JP, et al. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (StroBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. BMJ. 2007;335(7624):806–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.AD.

Article  Google Scholar 

van Swieten JC, Koudstaal PJ, Visser MC, Schouten HJ, van Gijn J. Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in Stroke patients. Stroke. 1988;19(5):604–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.19.5.604.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wilson JT, Hareendran A, Grant M, Baird T, Schulz UG, Muir KW, et al. Improving the assessment of outcomes in Stroke: use of a structured interview to assign grades on the modified Rankin Scale. Stroke. 2002;33(9):2243–6. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.0000027437.22450.bd.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sondergaard E, De Espinosa AE, Morgan-Bathke M, Jensen MD. How to measure adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(4):1193–9. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-00047.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Seaman SR, White IR. Review of inverse probability weighting for dealing with missing data. Stat Methods Med Res. 2013;22(3):278–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0962280210395740.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou MS, Schulman IH, Zeng Q. Link between the renin-angiotensin system and insulin resistance: implications for Cardiovascular Disease. Vasc Med. 2012;17(5):330–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1358863X12450094.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kernan WN, Inzucchi SE, Viscoli CM, Brass LM, Bravata DM. Insulin resistance and risk for Stroke. Neurology. 2002;59(6):809–15. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.59.6.809.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jing J, Pan Y, Zhao X, Zheng H, Jia Q, Mi D, et al. Insulin Resistance and prognosis of nondiabetic patients with ischemic Stroke: the ACROSS-China Study (abnormal glucose regulation in patients with Acute Stroke across China). Stroke. 2017;48(4):887–93. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.015613.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nigro J, Osman N, Dart AM, Little PJ. Insulin resistance and Atherosclerosis. Endocr Rev. 2006;27(3):242–59. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2005-0007.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cusi K. The role of adipose tissue and lipotoxicity in the pathogenesis of type 2 Diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2010;10(4):306–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-010-0122-6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shulman GI. Ectopic fat in insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and cardiometabolic Disease. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(12):1131–41. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1011035.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mu L, Li R, Lai Y, Zhao Y, Qiao J. Adipose insulin resistance is associated with cardiovascular risk factors in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest. 2019;42(5):541–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-018-0949-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Semnani-Azad Z, Connelly PW, Bazinet RP, Retnakaran R, Jenkins DJA, Harris SB, et al. Adipose tissue insulin resistance is longitudinally Associated with adipose tissue dysfunction, circulating lipids, and Dysglycemia: the PROMISE cohort. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(7):1682–91. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-1918.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maida CD, Norrito RL, Daidone M, Tuttolomondo A, Pinto A. Neuroinflammatory mechanisms in ischemic Stroke: focus on Cardioembolic Stroke, background, and therapeutic approaches. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(18):6454. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186454.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu H, Zhou X, Liu J, Huang W, Zhao N, Wang H. Rationale and design of the application value of Beijing Vascular Health Stratification (BVHS): predictive value of combined assessment of vascular structure and function for cardiovascular events in general Chinese population. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2021;21(1):498. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-021-02289-8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aminian A, Zajichek A, Arterburn DE, Wolski KE, Brethauer SA, Schauer PR, et al. Association of metabolic Surgery with major adverse Cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 Diabetes and obesity. JAMA. 2019;322(13):1271. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.14231.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li S, Yin C, Zhao W, Zhu H, Xu D, Xu Q, et al. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in relation to the poor functional o