Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Incidence of Digestive System Cancers in Men

Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2022. CA Cancer J Clin. 2022;72(1):7–33. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21708. Epub 20220112. PubMed PMID: 35020204.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global Cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–49. 21660. PubMed PMID: 33538338.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Fig. 2022. Atlanta: American Cancer Society 2022.

Smith RA, Andrews KS, Brooks D, Fedewa SA, Manassaram-Baptiste D, Saslow D, et al. Cancer screening in the United States, 2018: a review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and current issues in cancer screening. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(4):297–316. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21446. Epub 2018/05/31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin JS, Perdue LA, Henrikson NB, Bean SI, Blasi PR. Screening for Colorectal Cancer: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2021;325(19):1978–98. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.4417. PubMed PMID: 34003220.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gupta S. Screening for Colorectal Cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2022;36(3):393–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hoc.2022. Epub 20220430.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. 2007. Available from: http://www.aicr.org/assets/docs/pdf/reports/Second_Expert_Report.pdf.

Katzke VA, Kaaks R, Kuhn T. Lifestyle and cancer risk. Cancer J. 2015;21(2):104–10. Epub 2015/03/31. doi: 10.1097/PPO.0000000000000101. PubMed PMID: 25815850.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ligibel J. Lifestyle factors in cancer survivorship. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(30):3697–704. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.42.0638. Epub 2012/09/26.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Westerlind KC. Physical activity and cancer prevention–mechanisms. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(11):1834-40. Epub 2003/11/06. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000093619.37805.B7. PubMed PMID: 14600547.

Hojman P, Gehl J, Christensen JF, Pedersen BK. Molecular mechanisms linking Exercise to Cancer Prevention and Treatment. Cell Metab. 2018;27(1):10–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2017.09.015. Epub 2017/10/24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rogers CJ, Colbert LH, Greiner JW, Perkins SN, Hursting SD. Physical activity and cancer prevention: pathways and targets for intervention. Sports Med. 2008;38(4):271–96. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838040-00002. Epub 2008/03/20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xie F, You Y, Huang J, Guan C, Chen Z, Fang M, et al. Association between physical activity and digestive-system cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sport Health Sci. 2021;10(1):4–13. PubMed PMID: 33010525; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7856558.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Keum N, Bao Y, Smith-Warner SA, Orav J, Wu K, Fuchs CS, et al. Association of Physical Activity by Type and Intensity with Digestive System Cancer Risk. JAMA Oncol. 2016;2(9):1146–53. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.0740. PubMed PMID: 27196375; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5846204.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ross R, Blair SN, Arena R, Church TS, Despres JP, Franklin BA, et al. Importance of assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Clinical Practice: a case for fitness as a Clinical Vital sign: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;134(24):e653–e99. 10.1161. /CIR.0000000000000461. PubMed PMID: 27881567.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bouchard C, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT. Less Sitting, More Physical Activity, or Higher Fitness? Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90(11):1533-40. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.005. PubMed PMID: 26422244.

Lakoski SG, Willis BL, Barlow CE, Leonard D, Gao A, Radford NB, et al. Midlife Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Incident Cancer, and Survival after Cancer in men: the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study. JAMA Oncol. 2015;1(2):231–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0226. PubMed PMID: 26181028.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marshall CH, Al-Mallah MH, Dardari Z, Brawner CA, Lamerato LE, Keteyian SJ et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and incident lung and colorectal cancer in men and women: Results from the Henry Ford Exercise Testing (FIT) cohort. Cancer. 2019. Epub 2019/05/06. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32085. PubMed PMID: 31056756.

Laukkanen JA, Pukkala E, Rauramaa R, Makikallio TH, Toriola AT, Kurl S. Cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle factors and cancer risk and mortality in Finnish men. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46(2):355–63. PubMed PMID: 19683431.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hillreiner A, Baumeister SE, Sedlmeier AM, Finger JD, Schlitt HJ, Leitzmann MF. Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and Colorectal cancer in the UK Biobank. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020;35(10):961–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-019-00575-6. Epub 2019/11/11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Robsahm TE, Falk RS, Heir T, Sandvik L, Vos L, Erikssen J, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of site-specific cancers: a long-term prospective cohort study. Cancer Med. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.1043. PubMed PMID: 28317282.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pozuelo-Carrascosa DP, Alvarez-Bueno C, Cavero-Redondo I, Morais S, Lee IM, Martinez-Vizcaino V. Cardiorespiratory fitness and site-specific risk of cancer in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2019;113:58–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2019.03.008. Epub 2019/04/15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Steell L, Ho FK, Sillars A, Petermann-Rocha F, Li H, Lyall DM, et al. Dose-response associations of cardiorespiratory fitness with all-cause mortality and incidence and mortality of cancer and cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases: the UK Biobank cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53(21):1371–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099093. Epub 2019/02/24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Myers J, Nead KT, Chang P, Abella J, Kokkinos P, Leeper NJ. Improved reclassification of mortality risk by assessment of physical activity in patients referred for exercise testing. Am J Med. 2015;128(4):396–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.10.061. PubMed PMID: 25511076.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, Do D, Partington S, Atwood JE. Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(11):793–801. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa011858. PubMed PMID: 11893790.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health; 2014. xxiv, 456 p.

Google Scholar 

Fletcher GF, Ades PA, Kligfield P, Arena R, Balady GJ, Bittner VA, et al. Exercise standards for testing and training: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;128(8):873–934. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829b5b44. PubMed PMID: 23877260.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peel JB, Sui X, Matthews CE, Adams SA, Hebert JR, Hardin JW, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and digestive cancer mortality: findings from the aerobics center longitudinal study. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention: a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research. Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2009;18(4):1111–7. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0846. Epub 2009/03/19.

Article  Google Scholar 

Page WF, Mahan CM, Kang HK. Vital status ascertainment through the files of the Department of Veterans Affairs and the Social Security Administration. Ann Epidemiol. 1996;6(2):102–9. PubMed PMID: 10068251.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dominitz JA, Maynard C, Boyko EJ. Assessment of vital status in Department of Veterans Affairs national databases. Comparison with state death certificates. Ann Epidemiol. 2001;11(5):286–91. PubMed PMID: 11399441.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kokkinos P, Faselis C, Myers J, Sui X, Zhang J, Tsimploulis A, et al. Exercise capacity and risk of chronic Kidney Disease in US veterans: a cohort study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90(4):461–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.01.013. PubMed PMID: 25792243.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McCarron KK, Reinhard MJ, Bloeser KJ, Mahan CM, Kang HK. PTSD diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans: comparison of administrative data to chart review. J Trauma Stress. 2014;27(5):626–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21961. PubMed PMID: 25322891.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Floyd JS, Blondon M, Moore KP, Boyko EJ, Smith NL. Validation of methods for assessing Cardiovascular Disease using electronic health data in a cohort of veterans with Diabetes. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2016;25(4):467–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.3921. PubMed PMID: 26555025; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4826840.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. 2018. Available from: https://health.gov/PAGuidelines/.

Schuz J, Espina C, Villain P, Herrero R, Leon ME, Minozzi S, et al. European code against Cancer 4th Edition: 12 ways to reduce your cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol. 2015;39(Suppl 1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2015.05.009. PubMed PMID: 26164654.

Article  Google Scholar 

Islami F, Goding Sauer A, Miller KD, Siegel RL, Fedewa SA, Jacobs EJ et al. Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017. doi: 10.3322/caac.21440. PubMed PMID: 29160902.

Satagopan JM, Ben-Porat L, Berwick M, Robson M, Kutler D, Auerbach AD. A note on competing risks in survival data analysis. Br J Cancer. 2004;91(7):1229–35. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6602102. PubMed PMID: 15305188; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2410013.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fine JP, Gray RJ. A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk. J Am Stat Assoc. 1999;94(446):496–509.

Article  Google Scholar 

VanderWeele TJ, Ding P. Sensitivity analysis in Observational Research: introducing the E-Value. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167(4):268–74. https://doi.org/10.7326/M16-2607. Epub 2017/07/12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dziura JD, Post LA, Zhao Q, Fu Z, Peduzzi P. Strategies for dealing with missing data in clinical trials: from design to analysis. Yale J Biol Med. 2013;86(3):343–58. PubMed PMID: 24058309; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3767219.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Mulrow CD, Pocock SJ, et al. Strengthening the reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(8):W163–94. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010-w1. PubMed PMID: 17938389. Epub 2007/10/17.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang G, Gibson CA, Tran ZV, Osness WH. Controlled endurance exercise training and VO2max changes in older adults: a meta-analysis. Prev Cardiol. 2005;8(4):217 – 25.

Comments (0)

No login
gif