Burbano Luna DF, Manrique MA, Chávez García MÁ, Pérez Corona T, Hernández Velázquez NN, Escandón Espinoza YM, et al. Epidemiología del cáncer colorrectal en menores de 50 años en el Hospital Juárez de México. Endoscopia. 2016;28:160–5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68:394–424.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lordick F, Carneiro F, Cascinu S, Fleitas T, Haustermans K, Piessen G, et al. Gastric cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2022;33:1005–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Amado RG, Wolf M, Peeters M, Van Cutsem E, Siena S, Freeman DJ, et al. Wild-type KRAS is required for panitumumab efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1626–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Therkildsen C, Bergmann TK, Henrichsen-Schnack T, Ladelund S, Nilbert M. The predictive value of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA and PTEN for anti-EGFR treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Oncol. 2014;53:852–64.

Castellano E, Santos E. Functional specificity of Ras isoforms: sSo similar but so different. Genes Cancer. 2011;2:216–31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pérez-Ruiz E, Rueda A, Pereda T, Alcaide J, Bautista D, Rivas-Ruiz F, et al. Involvement of K-RAS mutations and amino acid substitutions in the survival of metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Tumour Biol. 2012;33:1829–35.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Roock W, Claes B, Bernasconi D, De Schutter J, Biesmans B, Fountzilas G, et al. Effects of KRAS, BRAF, NRAS, and PIK3CA mutations on the efficacy of cetuximab plus chemotherapy in chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer: a retrospective consortium analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11:753–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bronte G, Silvestris N, Castiglia M, Galvano A, Passiglia F, Sortino G, et al. New findings on primary and acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: do all roads lead to RAS? Oncotarget. 2015;6:24780–96.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Allegra CJ, Jessup JM, Somerfield MR, Hamilton SR, Hammond EH, Hayes DF, et al. American society of clinical oncology provisional clinical opinion: testing for KRAS gene mutations in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma to predict response to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody therapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009;2091–6.

Bardelli A, Siena S. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to cetuximab and panitumumab in colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2010;1254–61.

Burge M, Price T, Karapetis CS. First-line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer: current perspectives and future directions. Asia. Pac. J. Clin. Oncol. 2019;3–14.

Jiang D, Wang X, Wang Y, Philips D, Meng W, Xiong M, et al. Mutation in BRAF and SMAD4 associated with resistance to neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer. Virchows Arch. 2019;475:39–47.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Margonis GA, Buettner S, Andreatos N, Kim Y, Wagner D, Sasaki K, et al. Association of BRAF mutations with survival and recurrence in surgically treated patients with metastatic colorectal liver cancer. JAMA Surg. 2018;153.

Roviello G, D’Angelo A, Petrioli R, Roviello F, Cianchi F, Nobili S, et al. Encorafenib, binimetinib, and cetuximab in BRAF V600E-mutated colorectal cancer. Transl. Oncol. 2020.

Margonis GA, Kreis ME, Wolfgang CL, Weiss MJ. Mutation status and surgical selection. J Surg Oncol. 2019;616–22.

Korphaisarn K, Kopetz S. BRAF-directed therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer J (United States). 2016;175–8.

Sorich MJ, Wiese MD, Rowland A, Kichenadasse G, McKinnon RA, Karapetis CS. Extended RAS mutations and anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody survival benefit in metastatic colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann. Oncol. 2015;13–21.

Siddiqui AD, Piperdi B. KRAS mutation in colon cancer: a marker of resistance to EGFR-I therapy. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2010;1168–76.

Javadi F, Geramizadeh B, Mirzai M. BRAF gene mutation analysis in colorectal cancer in south of Iran. Ann Color Res. 2014;2.

Shahriari-Ahmadi A, Fahimi A, Payandeh M, Sadeghi M. Prevalence of oxaliplatin-induced chronic neuropathy and influencing factors in patients with colorectal cancer in Iran. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2015;16:7603–6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bishehsari F, Mahdavinia M, Malekzadeh R, Verginelli F, Catalano T, Sotoudeh M, et al. Patterns of K-ras mutation in colorectal carcinomas from Iran and Italy (a Gruppo Oncologico dell’Italia Meridionale study): influence of microsatellite instability status and country of origin. Ann Oncol. 2006;17.

Koochak A, Rakhshani N, Karbalaie Niya MH, Tameshkel FS, Sohrabi MR, Babaee MR, et al. Mutation analysis of KRAS and BRAF genes in metastatic colorectal cancer: a first large scale study from Iran. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2016;17:603–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Omidifar N, Geramizadeh B, Mirzai M. K-ras mutation in colorectal cancer, a report from Southern Iran. Iran J Med Sci. 2015;40:454–60.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mirzapoor Abbasabadi Z, Hamedi Asl D, Rahmani B, Shahbadori R, Karami S, Peymani A, et al. KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutation rates, clinicopathological association, and their prognostic value in Iranian colorectal cancer patients. J Clin Lab Anal. 2023.

Bader T, Ismail A. Higher prevalence of KRAS mutations in colorectal cancer in Saudi Arabia: propensity for lung metastasis. Alexandria J Med. 2014;50:203–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zekri J, Al-Shehri A, Mahrous M, Al-Rehaily S, Darwish T, Bassi S, et al. Mutations in codons 12 and 13 of K-ras exon 2 in colorectal tumors of Saudi Arabian patients: frequency, clincopathological associations, and clinical outcomes. Genet Mol Res. 2017;16.

Elsabah MT, Adel I. Immunohistochemical assay for detection of K-ras protein expression in metastatic colorectal cancer. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst. 2013;25:51–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Al-Allawi NA, Ismaeel AT, Ahmed NY, Merza NS. The frequency and spectrum of K-ras mutations among Iraqi patients with sporadic colorectal carcinoma. Indian J Cancer. 2012;49:163–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ogino S, Nosho K, Kirkner GJ, Shima K, Irahara N, Kure S, et al. PIK3CA mutation is associated with poor prognosis among patients with curatively resected colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:1477–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bando H, Yoshino T, Shinozaki E, Nishina T, Yamazaki K, Yamaguchi K, et al. Simultaneous identification of 36 mutations in KRAS codons 61and 146, BRAF, NRAS, and PIK3CA in a single reaction by multiplex assay kit. BMC Cancer. 2013;13.

Khan SA, Zeng Z, Shia J, Paty PB. EGFR gene amplification and KRAS mutation predict response to combination targeted therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer. Pathol Oncol Res. 2017;23:673–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baldus SE, Schaefer KL, Engers R, Hartleb D, Stoecklein NH, Gabbert HE. Prevalence and heterogeneity of KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations in primary colorectal adenocarcinomas and their corresponding metastases. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:790–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miglio U, Mezzapelle R, Paganotti A, Allegrini S, Veggiani C, Antona J, et al. Mutation analysis of KRAS in primary colorectal cancer and matched metastases by means of highly sensitivity molecular assay. Pathol Res Pract. 2013;209:233–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simi L, Pratesi N, Vignoli M, Sestini R, Cianchi F, Valanzano R, et al. High-resolution melting analysis for rapid detection of KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA gene mutations in colorectal cancer. Am J Clin Pathol. 2008;130:247–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bozzao C, Varvara D, Piglionica M, Bagnulo R, Forte G, Patruno M, et al. Survey of KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA mutational status in 209 consecutive Italian colorectal cancer patients. Int J Biol Markers. 2012;27.

Cappuzzo F, Varella-Garcia M, Finocchiaro G, Skokan M, Gajapathy S, Carnaghi C, et al. Primary resistance to cetuximab therapy in EGFR FISH-positive colorectal cancer patients. Br J Cancer. 2008;99:83–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Selcukbiricik F, Erdamar S, Ozkurt CU, Molinas Mandel N, Demirelli F, Ozguroglu M, et al. The role of K-RAS and B-RAF mutations as biomarkers in metastatic colorectal cancer. J BUON. 2013;18:116–23.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zahrani A, Kandil M, Badar T, Abdelsalam M, Al-Faiar A, Ismail A. Clinico-pathological study of K-ras mutations in colorectal tumors in Saudi Arabia. Tumori. 2014;100:75–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liao X, Lochhead P, Nishihara R, Morikawa T, Kuchiba A, Yamauchi M, et al. Aspirin use, tumor PIK3CA mutation, and colorectal-cancer survival. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1596–606.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Phipps AI, Buchanan DD, Makar KW, Win AK, Baron JA, Lindor NM, et al. KRAS-mutation status in relation to colorectal cancer survival: the joint impact of correlated tumour markers. Br J Cancer. 2013;108:1757–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Berg M, Danielsen SA, Ahlquist T, Merok MA, Ågesen TH, Vatn MH, et al. DNA sequence profiles of the colorectal cancer critical gene set KRAS-BRAF-PIK3CA-PTEN-TP53 related to age at disease onset. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e13978.

Nakanishi R, Harada J, Tuul M, Zhao Y, Ando K, Saeki H, et al. Prognostic relevance of KRAS and BRAF mutations in Japanese patients with colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Oncol. 2013;18:1042–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hsieh LL, Er TK, Chen CC, Hsieh JS, Chang JG, Liu TC. Characteristics and prevalence of KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations in colorectal cancer by high-resolution melting analysis in Taiwanese population. Clin Chim Acta. 2012;413:1605–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yanus GA, Belyaeva AV, Ivantsov AO, Kuligina ES, Suspitsin EN, Mitiushkina NV, et al. Pattern of clinically relevant mutations in consecutive series of Russian colorectal cancer patients. Med Oncol. 2013;30.

Barault L, Veyrie N, Jooste V, Lecorre D, Chapusot C, Ferraz JM, et al. Mutations in the RAS-MAPK, PI(3)K (phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase) signaling network correlate with poor survival in a population-based series of colon cancers. Int J Cancer. 2008;122:2255–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed