Funder JW, Carey RM, Mantero F, Murad MH, Reincke M, Shibata H, et al. The Management of Primary Aldosteronism: Case Detection, Diagnosis, and Treatment: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:1889–916. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-4061.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Seccia TM, Caroccia B, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Rossi GP. The Biology of Normal Zona Glomerulosa and Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma: Pathological Implications. Endocr Rev. 2018;39:1029–56.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rossi GP, Bernini G, Caliumi C, Desideri G, Fabris B, Ferri C, et al. A prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1,125 hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:2293–300.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mulatero P, Sechi LA, Williams TA, Lenders JWM, Reincke M, Satoh F, et al. Subtype diagnosis, treatment, complications and outcomes of primary aldosteronism and future direction of research: a position statement and consensus of the Working Group on Endocrine Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2020;38:1929–36.
Mulatero P, Monticone S, Deinum J, Amar L, Prejbisz A, Zennaro M-C, et al. Genetics, prevalence, screening and confirmation of primary aldosteronism: a position statement and consensus of the Working Group on Endocrine Hypertension of The European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2020;38:1919–28.
CONN JW, LOUIS LH. Primary aldosteronism, a new clinical entity. Ann Intern Med. 1956;44:1–15. https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/abs/10.7326/0003-4819-44-1-1.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Douma S, Petidis K, Doumas M, Papaefthimiou P, Triantafyllou A, Kartali N, et al. Prevalence of primary hyperaldosteronism in resistant hypertension: a retrospective observational study. Lancet. 2008;371:1921–6.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Calhoun DA, Nishizaka MK, Zaman MA, Thakkar RB, Weissmann P. Hyperaldosteronism among black and white subjects with resistant hypertension. Hypertension. 2002;40:892–6.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Milliez P, Girerd X, Plouin P-F, Blacher J, Safar ME, Mourad J-J. Evidence for an increased rate of cardiovascular events in patients with primary aldosteronism. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1243–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Monticone S, D’Ascenzo F, Moretti C, Williams TA, Veglio F, Gaita F, et al. Cardiovascular events and target organ damage in primary aldosteronism compared with essential hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6:41–50.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Monticone S, Burrello J, Tizzani D, Bertello C, Viola A, Buffolo F, et al. Prevalence and clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism encountered in primary care practice. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:1811–20.
Brown JM, Robinson-Cohen C, Luque-Fernandez MA, Allison MA, Baudrand R, Ix JH, et al. The spectrum of subclinical primary aldosteronism and incident hypertension: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167:630–41.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cohen JB, Cohen DL, Herman DS, Leppert JT, Byrd JB, Bhalla V. Testing for Primary Aldosteronism and Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Use Among U.S. Veterans: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174:289–97.
Hundemer GL, Imsirovic H, Vaidya A, Yozamp N, Goupil R, Madore F, et al. Screening Rates for Primary Aldosteronism Among Individuals With Hypertension Plus Hypokalemia: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study. Hypertension. 2022;79:178–86.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Käyser SC, Dekkers T, Groenewoud HJ, van der Wilt GJ, Carel Bakx J, van der Wel MC, et al. Study Heterogeneity and Estimation of Prevalence of Primary Aldosteronism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:2826–35.
Huang W-C, Lin Y-H, Wu V-C, Chen C-H, Siddique S, Chia Y-C, et al. Who should be screened for primary aldosteronism? A comprehensive review of current evidence. J Clin Hypertens. 2022;24:1194–203.
Kaplan NM. Hypokalemia in the hypertensive patient, with observations on the incidence of primary aldosteronism. Ann Intern Med. 1967;66:1079–90.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Olivieri O, Ciacciarelli A, Signorelli D, Pizzolo F, Guarini P, Pavan C, et al. Aldosterone to Renin ratio in a primary care setting: the Bussolengo study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:4221–6.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mulatero P, Monticone S, Burrello J, Veglio F, Williams TA, Funder J. Guidelines for primary aldosteronism: uptake by primary care physicians in Europe. J Hypertens. 2016;34:2253–7.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kaplan NM. Is there an unrecognized epidemic of primary aldosteronism? Con Hypertens. 2007;50:454–8.
Käyser SC, Deinum J, de Grauw WJ, Schalk BW, Bor HJ, Lenders JW, et al. Prevalence of primary aldosteronism in primary care: a cross-sectional study. Br J Gen Pr J R Coll Gen Pr. 2018;68:e114–22.
Lim PO, Rodgers P, Cardale K, Watson AD, MacDonald TM. Potentially high prevalence of primary aldosteronism in a primary-care population. Lancet. 1999;353:40.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mosso L, Carvajal C, González A, Barraza A, Avila F, Montero J, et al. Primary aldosteronism and hypertensive disease. Hypertension. 2003;42:161–5.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Williams JS, Williams GH, Raji A, Jeunemaitre X, Brown NJ, Hopkins PN, et al. Prevalence of primary hyperaldosteronism in mild to moderate hypertension without hypokalaemia. J Hum Hypertens. 2006;20:129–36.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Faconti L, McNally RJ, Farukh B, Adeyemi O, Cruickshank JK, Wilkinson IB, et al. Differences in hypertension phenotypes between Africans and Europeans: Role of environment. J Hypertens. 2020;38:1278–85.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Baguet J-P, Steichen O, Mounier-Véhier C, Gosse P. SFE/SFHTA/AFCE consensus on primary aldosteronism, part 1: Epidemiology of PA, who should be screened for sporadic PA? Ann Endocrinol. 2016;77:187–91.
Schwartz GL, Turner ST. Screening for primary aldosteronism in essential hypertension: diagnostic accuracy of the ratio of plasma aldosterone concentration to plasma renin activity. Clin Chem. 2005;51:386–94.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nishimoto K, Nakagawa K, Li D, Kosaka T, Oya M, Mikami S, et al. Adrenocortical zonation in humans under normal and pathological conditions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:2296–305.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nishimoto K, Tomlins SA, Kuick R, Cani AK, Giordano TJ, Hovelson DH, et al. Aldosterone-stimulating somatic gene mutations are common in normal adrenal glands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112:E4591–9.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lalli E, Barhanin J, Zennaro M-C, Warth R. Local Control of Aldosterone Production and Primary Aldosteronism. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2016;27:123–31.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nanba K, Vaidya A, Williams GH, Zheng I, Else T, Rainey WE. Age-Related Autonomous Aldosteronism. Circulation 2017;136:347–55.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jaffe G, Gray Z, Krishnan G, Stedman M, Zheng Y, Han J, et al. Screening Rates for Primary Aldosteronism in Resistant Hypertension: A Cohort Study. Hypertension. 2020;75:650–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Buffolo F, Li Q, Monticone S, Heinrich DA, Mattei A, Pieroni J, et al. Primary Aldosteronism and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Cross-Sectional Multi-Ethnic Study. Hypertension. 2019;74:1532–40.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pecori A, Buffolo F, Pieroni J, Forestiero V, Sconfienza E, Veglio F, et al. Primary Aldosteronism and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Casual Association or Pathophysiological Link? Horm Metab Res = Horm und Stoffwechselforsch = Horm Metab. 2020;52:366–72.
Rossi GP, Bolognesi M, Rizzoni D, Seccia TM, Piva A, Porteri E, et al. Vascular remodeling and duration of hypertension predict outcome of adrenalectomy in primary aldosteronism patients. Hypertension. 2008;51:1366–71.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Rossi GP, Sacchetto A, Pavan E, Palatini P, Graniero GR, Canali C, et al. Remodeling of the left ventricle in primary aldosteronism due to Conn’s adenoma. Circulation. 1997;95:1471–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Catena C, Colussi G, Lapenna R, Nadalini E, Chiuch A, Gianfagna P, et al. Long-term cardiac effects of adrenalectomy or mineralocorticoid antagonists in patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2007;50:911–8.
Comments (0)